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S. 3903

Railway Safety Act of 2026

Shown here: Introduced in Senate (2026-02-24)

To enhance safety requirements for trains transporting hazardous materials, and for other purposes.

1. Short title; table of contents

(a) Short title

This Act may be cited as the “Railway Safety Act of 2026”.

(b) Table of contents

The table of contents for this Act is as follows:

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.

TITLE I—Rail Safety

Sec. 101. Definitions.

Sec. 102. Safety requirements for high-hazard trains.

Sec. 103. Ensuring the safety of long trains.

Sec. 104. Blocked highway-rail grade crossings.

Sec. 105. Inspections.

Sec. 106. Emergency brake signals.

Sec. 107. Defect detection systems.

Sec. 108. Safe Freight Act of 2026.

Sec. 109. Increased penalties for violations of rail safety regulations.

Sec. 110. Safer tank cars.

Sec. 111. Rail safety infrastructure research and development grants.

Sec. 112. Authorization of appropriations for tank car research and development.

Sec. 113. Federal Railroad Administration safety culture.

Sec. 114. GAO report on roadway worker protections.

Sec. 115. Federal Railroad Administration safety workforce management.

Sec. 116. Office of Personnel Management review of safety inspector and specialist classifications.

Sec. 117. Alcohol and drug testing.

TITLE II—Hazardous materials emergency response and preparedness

Sec. 201. Hazardous materials registration fees.

Sec. 202. Virtual training options.

Sec. 203. Hazardous materials transportation emergency response and preparedness grants.

Sec. 204. Emergency response assistance.

I Rail Safety

101. Definitions

In this title:

(1) In general

Except as otherwise provided, terms used in this title have the definitions given such terms in section 20155 of title 49, United States Code, as amended by section 102(a).

(2) Class I railroad

The term Class I railroad has the meaning given such term in section 20102(1) of title 49, United States Code.

(3) Secretary

The term Secretary means the Secretary of Transportation.

102. Safety requirements for high-hazard trains

(a) Tank car safety requirements

Section 20155 of title 49, United States Code, is amended to read as follows:

20155. High-hazard trains
(a) Definitions
In this section:
(1) Explosives
The term explosives means Class 1 explosives categorized in Division 1.1, 1.2, or 1.3 in section 173.50(b) of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations.
(2) Flammable gas
The term flammable gas has the meaning given such term in section 173.115(a) of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations.
(3) Flammable liquid
The term flammable liquid has the meaning given such term in section 173.120(a) of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations.
(4) Hazardous material
The term hazardous material means a substance or material designated by the Secretary of Transportation as hazardous pursuant to section 5103(a) of this title.
(5) High-hazard train
The term high-hazard train means a single train transporting, throughout the train, consisting of—
(A) 20 or more tank cars loaded with a flammable liquid;
(B) 1 or more tank cars or intermodal portable tanks loaded with a material toxic or poisonous by inhalation;
(C) 1 or more cars loaded with high-level radioactive waste or spent nuclear fuel;
(D) 10 or more cars loaded with explosives;
(E) 5 or more tank cars loaded with a flammable gas; or
(F) 20 or more cars loaded with any combination of flammable liquids, flammable gases, or explosives.
(6) High-level radioactive waste; spent nuclear fuel
The terms high-level radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel have the meanings given to a “type B package” and a “fissile material package”, respectively, in section 173.403 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations.
(7) Material toxic or poisonous by inhalation
The term material toxic or poisonous by inhalation has the meaning given the term “Material poisonous by inhalation or Material toxic by inhalation” in section 171.8 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations.
(b) Rulemaking
Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of the Railway Safety Act of 2026, the Secretary, in consultation with appropriate Federal agencies, shall issue regulations that—
(1) rescind the requirements set forth in paragraphs (4) and (5) of section 174.310(a) of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, with respect to tank cars carrying hazardous materials other than Class 3 flammable liquids;
(2) revise the requirements set forth in section 174.310(a)(2) of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations—
(A) to limit all trains to a maximum speed of 50 miles per hour; and
(B) to limit high-hazard trains carrying 20 or more cars loaded with flammable liquids to a maximum speed of 40 miles per hour while that train travels within the limits of high-threat urban areas (HTUAs) (as defined in 1580.3 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations), unless all tank cars containing a Class 3 flammable liquid meet or exceed the DOT specification 117 standards, the DOT specification 117P performance standards, or the DOT specification 117R retrofit standards set forth in subpart D of part 179 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, including DOT–105A, DOT–105H, DOT–105J, DOT–105S, DOT–112H, DOT–112J, DOT–112S, and DOT–120S tank cars;
(3) require rail carriers operating high-hazard trains to comply with the requirements applicable to high-hazard flammable trains under section 174.310 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations;
(4) require any Class I railroad transporting hazardous materials—
(A) to generate accurate, real-time, and electronic train consist information, including—
(i) the identity, quantity, and location of hazardous materials on a train;
(ii) the point of origin and destination of the train;
(iii) any emergency response information or resources required by the Secretary; and
(iv) an emergency response point of contact designated by the Class I railroad; and
(B) to enter into a memorandum of understanding with each applicable fusion center to provide the fusion center with secure and confidential access to the electronic train consist information described in subparagraph (A) for each train transporting hazardous materials in the jurisdiction of the fusion center;
(5) require each Class I railroad to provide commodity flow reports of the hazardous materials transported by a high-hazard train to each State emergency response commission, Tribal emergency response commission, or other responsible State or Tribal agency, consistent with the notification content requirements under section 174.312 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (or a successor regulation), including—
(A) a reasonable estimate of the number of high-hazard trains that are expected to travel, per week, through each county within the applicable jurisdiction;
(B) updates to such estimate when making a change in volume of 25 percent or more;
(C) a description of the hazardous materials being transported on such trains;
(D) applicable emergency response information, as required by regulation;
(E) identification of the routes over which the hazardous materials on such trains will be transported; and
(F) a point of contact at the Class I railroad who—
(i) has knowledge of the railroads' transportation of hazardous materials; and
(ii) is responsible for serving as the point of contact for the State emergency response commission, Tribal emergency response commission, or other State or Tribal agency responsible for receiving such information;
(6) require each applicable State emergency response commission to provide to a political subdivision of a State, or the public agency responsible for emergency response or law enforcement, upon request of the political subdivision or public agency, the information the commission receives from a Class I railroad pursuant to paragraph (5), including, for any such political subdivision or public agency responsible for emergency response or law enforcement that makes an initial request for such information, any updates received by the State emergency response commission;
(7) prohibit any Class I railroad, employee, or agent from withholding, or causing to be withheld, the train consist information from first responders, emergency response officials, Federal and State agencies, and law enforcement personnel who are responding to an incident, accident, or public health or safety emergency involving the rail transportation of hazardous materials; and
(8) establish security and confidentiality protections, in coordination with the Secretary of Homeland Security, including protections from the public release of proprietary information or security sensitive information (as defined in section 15.5 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations), to prevent the release to unauthorized persons any electronic train consist information or advanced notification or information provided by Class I railroads under this section.
(c) Rule of construction
Nothing in this section may be construed to prohibit a Class I railroad from voluntarily entering into a memorandum of understanding with a State emergency response commission or an entity representing or including first responders, emergency response officials, and law enforcement personnel.
(d) Safety improvements
Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of the Railway Safety Act of 2026, the Secretary shall evaluate and update, to the extent necessary for safety and in compliance with Executive Order 12866 (5 U.S.C. 601 note; relating to regulatory planning and review), the operational requirements for high-hazard trains to ensure the safe transportation of hazardous materials by rail, including—
(1) preventing the placement of blocks of empty railcars in locations within the consist of the train that increase the chance or severity of a derailment; and
(2) requirements for an adequate number of buffer cars between a locomotive or railcar and tank cars transporting hazardous materials.
(e) Hazardous materials emergency response plans
(1) Plan contents
The Secretary shall promulgate regulations, in compliance with Executive Order 12866, requiring all Class I railroads that operate high-hazard trains to submit to the Secretary hazardous materials emergency response plans that are consistent with the format of the National Response Team “One Plan”. Such plans shall include—
(A) consideration of potential hazardous materials release for material toxic or poisonous by inhalation that the railroad is transporting;
(B) identification of the railroad’s hazardous materials response teams that can quickly respond to a release or potential release within a reasonable amount of time;
(C) identification of the equipment and resources available to the hazardous materials response teams;
(D) organizational charts for the hazardous materials response teams; and
(E) plans to facilitate hazardous materials release liability claims.
(2) Coordination
Railroads shall coordinate with relevant States and Tribes when creating the plans required under paragraph (1).
(3) Triennial review
Not later than 1 year after a Class I railroad submits a hazardous materials emergency response plan pursuant to paragraph (1), and on a triennial basis thereafter, the Secretary shall review such plan. If the Secretary identifies deficiencies during such review, the Secretary shall describe the nature of any deficiencies and allow for correction.
(4) Verification
The Secretary shall periodically audit a railroad’s hazardous materials emergency response plan.

(b) Clerical amendment

The analysis in chapter 201 of title 49, United States Code, is amended by striking the item relating to section 20155 and inserting the following:

20155. High-hazard trains.

103. Ensuring the safety of long trains

(a) Reviewing and updating safety regulations

Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall—

(1) evaluate any safety concerns identified in the Comptroller General’s report titled “Freight Trains Are Getting Longer, and Additional Information Is Needed to Assess Their Impact” (GAO–19–443) and in the report required under section 22422(d) of the Passenger Rail Expansion and Rail Safety Act of 2021 (title II of division B of Public Law 117–58); and

(2) if the Secretary considers it necessary for safety and compliance with Executive Order 12866 (5 U.S.C. 601 note; relating to regulatory planning and review), address such concerns by updating existing safety regulations to ensure the safe transportation of goods and passengers by rail, taking into account the impact that train length and weight have on the safe transportation of high-hazard trains.

(b) Report

Not later than 3 years after the date of the enactment of this Act, if the Secretary has not updated any regulation under subsection (a), the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives a report that justifies such inaction.

(c) Reporting requirement

(1) In general

The Secretary shall revise the existing railroad accident or incident reporting forms to require railroads to report the weight trailing tonnages of any train involved in a reportable accident or incident.

(2) Publication

The Administrator of the Federal Railroad Administration shall publish on its Rail Safety Data website a summary of all reportable incidents and accidents, categorized by train length and weight.

104. Blocked highway-rail grade crossings

(a) Study

The Secretary shall seek to enter into an agreement with the President of the National Academy of Sciences under which the President of the National Academy shall—

(1) conduct a study of 20 most frequently blocked highway-rail grade crossings in not fewer than 10 different States, as determined by the Secretary based on—

(A) Federal Railroad Administration data;

(B) the work experience of the Office of Railroad Safety's Grade Crossing and Trespasser Outreach Division;

(C) data from the blocked highway-rail grade crossing portal; and

(D) geographic diversity; and

(2) provide recommendations to the Secretary for solutions in preventing or reducing occurrences or repeated occurrences where highway-rail grade crossings are blocked for extended periods.

(b) Members

In establishing the membership to conduct the study described in subsection (a)(1), the President of the National Academy of Sciences shall appoint not fewer than 3 members of the National Academy who—

(1) are engineering or rail experts;

(2) are not railroad carriers, or entities funded by railroad carriers;

(3) have relevant experience in railroad safety technology or railroad operating experience; and

(4) have no financial ties to the rail industry.

(c) Elements

The study conducted pursuant to subsection (a)(1) shall—

(1) examine any potential impacts to railroad and community safety due to blocked highway-rail grade crossings;

(2) identify potential financial impacts incurred by the railroad or its customers due to blocked crossings;

(3) identify potential freight network efficiency impacts due to solutions that will reduce or eliminate the impacts of blocked crossings;

(4) examine community impacts that result from blocked crossings;

(5) examine causes for blocked crossings; and

(6) identify practical solutions to prevent blocked crossings.

(d) Report

Not later than 2 years after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall submit a report to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives that contains the results of the study conducted by the National Academy of Sciences pursuant to this section.

(e) Funding

From the amounts appropriated for fiscal year 2024 to carry out section 20108 of title 49, United States Code, that remain unobligated, the Secretary shall expend such sums as may be necessary, but not more than $2,000,000, to carry out the study required under this section.

(f) Railroad Crossing Elimination Program

Section 22909 of title 49, United States Code, is amended—

(1) in subsection (f)(2)(C)—

(A) in clause (i), by striking “; or” and inserting a semicolon;

(B) in clause (ii), by striking the semicolon and inserting “; or”; and

(C) by adding at the end the following:

(iii) a bus route to a school or within 1 mile of a school;

(2) in subsection (g)—

(A) by striking “Except” and inserting the following:

(1) In general
Except

(B) by adding at the end the following:

(2) Certain bus routes
The Federal share of the cost of a project given additional consideration under subsection (f)(2)(C)(iii) may not exceed 85 percent.

(g) Railroad point of contact for blocked crossings

(1) In general

Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, each railroad carrier shall establish and maintain a toll-free telephone service for rights-of-way over which the railroad carrier dispatches trains to directly receive calls reporting blocked highway-rail grade crossings.

(2) Use of existing number

A railroad carrier may comply with the requirement under subsection (a) by using the telephone number that is being used to comply with section 20152(a)(1) of title 49, United States Code.

(3) Publicly available

Each railroad carrier subject to this subsection shall notify the Secretary of the telephone number referred to in paragraph (1) or (2), who shall post such number on a publicly available website of the Department of Transportation.

(4) Waiver

The Secretary may waive the requirement that the telephone service be toll-free for Class II and Class III rail carriers if the Secretary determines that toll-free service would be cost prohibitive or unnecessary.

105. Inspections

(a) Time available for inspection

(1) In general

Subchapter II of chapter 201 of title 49, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following:

20172. Time available for inspection
(a) In general
No railroad may limit the time required for an employee to complete a railcar, locomotive, or brake inspection to ensure that each railcar, locomotive, and brake system complies with safety laws and regulations.
(b) Requirement
Employees shall perform their inspection duties promptly and shall not delay other than for reasons related to safety.

(2) Clerical amendment

The analysis for subchapter II of chapter 201 of title 49, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following:

20172. Time available for inspection.

(b) Pre-Departure railcar inspections

Not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall amend the pre-departure inspection requirements for Class I railroads under part 215 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (as written on such date of enactment)—

(1) to ensure that after initial consultation with the Federal Railroad Administration, and after each subsequent annual consultation, each railroad identifies inspection locations and, at such locations, has inspectors designated under section 215.11 available for the purpose of inspecting freight cars;

(2) to ensure that all freight cars are inspected by an inspector designated under section 215.11 at a designated inspection location in the direction of travel as soon as practicable; and

(3) to require each railroad that operates railroad freight cars to which such part 215 applies to designate persons qualified to inspect railroad freight railcars, subject to any existing collective bargaining agreement, for compliance and determinations required under such part.

(c) Periodic railcar inspections

(1) Freight car periodic inspections

Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall issue regulations amending part 215 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations to create minimum requirements for the periodic inspection of freight cars.

(2) Requirements

The regulations issued pursuant to paragraph (1) shall—

(A) consider the periodic inspection requirements applicable to locomotives under part 229 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, and to passenger cars under part 238 of such title;

(B) establish inspection intervals and criteria, taking into account differences in the utilization and service to which freight cars are put and other factors as appropriate, including ownership of the cars, provided that—

(i) initial inspections shall be performed within a reasonable period, as determined by the Secretary, which period shall not be shorter than 6 years after the issuance of regulations pursuant to paragraph (1);

(ii) after the initial inspections required under clause (i), periodic inspections shall be required not more frequently than once every 5 years; and

(iii) if a freight car is not at a suitable location for safely performing a periodic inspection on the date such inspection is required under this subsection, or if the freight car is not on a Class I railroad, the freight car may be moved to the next forward location suitable for safely performing the inspection on a Class I railroad;

(C) provide that periodic inspections may be performed in conjunction with any other inspections or tests required under chapter I or II of subtitle B of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations;

(D) ensure that periodic inspections are performed only where adequate facilities are available for safely inspecting all components of freight cars; and

(E) require that Class I railroads use inspectors designated under section 215 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, to perform periodic inspections pursuant to this subsection and that their primary responsibility is the inspection, testing, maintenance, or repair of freight cars or their components.

(d) Qualified locomotive inspections

Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall review and amend, as necessary, regulations under chapters 229 and 243 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations—

(1) to ensure appropriate training qualifications and proficiency of employees, including qualified mechanical inspectors, performing locomotive inspections; and

(2) for locomotives in service on a Class I railroad, to require an additional daily inspection to be performed by a qualified mechanical inspector between the current intervals under section 229.23(b)(2) of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations.

(e) Audits

(1) In general

Not later than 60 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall initiate audits of Federal railcar, locomotive, and train brake system inspection compliance with chapter II of subtitle B of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, which—

(A) consider whether the railroad has in place procedures necessary for railcar, locomotive, and train brake system inspection compliance under such chapter;

(B) assess the type, content, and adequacy of training and performance metrics the railroad provides employees who perform railcar, locomotive, and train brake system inspections, including the qualifications specified for such employees;

(C) determine whether the railroad has practices that would interfere with an employee’s responsibility to perform an inspection safely;

(D) determine whether railcars, locomotives, and train brake systems are inspected on the railroad’s network in accordance with such chapter;

(E) involve proper communication of identified defects to railroad personnel and make appropriate use of remedial action reports to verify that repairs are made;

(F) determine whether managers coerce employees to sign off on any documents verifying an inspection or repair of a railcar, locomotive, or train brake system;

(G) determine whether the railroad's inspection procedures reflect the current operating practices of the railroad carrier; and

(H) ensure that railroad inspection procedures only provide for the use of persons permitted to perform each relevant inspection under such chapter.

(2) Audit scheduling

The Secretary may—

(A) schedule the audits required under paragraph (1) to ensure that—

(i) every Class I railroad is audited not less frequently than once every 5 years; and

(ii) a limited number, as determined by the Secretary, of Class II and Class III railroads are audited annually, provided that—

(I) no audit of a tourist, scenic, historic, or excursion operation may be required under this subsection; and

(II) no other Class II or III railroad may be audited more frequently than once every 5 years; and

(B) conduct the audits described in subparagraph (A)(ii) in accordance with—

(i) the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 (5 U.S.C. 601 note); and

(ii) appendix C of part 209 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations.

(3) Updates to inspection program and procedures

If, during an audit required under this subsection, the auditor identifies a deficiency in a railroad’s procedures or practices necessary to ensure compliance with chapter II of subtitle B of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, the railroad shall eliminate such deficiency, after first being provided the opportunity to address whether such a deficiency exists.

(4) Consultation and cooperation

(A) Consultation

In conducting any audit required under this subsection, the Secretary shall consult with the railroad being audited and its employees, including any nonprofit employee labor organization representing the employees of the railroad that conduct railcar, locomotive, or train brake system inspections.

(B) Cooperation

The railroad being audited and its employees, including any nonprofit employee labor organization representing mechanical employees, shall fully cooperate with any audit conducted pursuant to this subsection—

(i) by providing any relevant documents requested; and

(ii) by making available any employees for interview without undue delay or obstruction.

(C) Failure to cooperate

If the Secretary determines that a railroad or any of its employees, including any nonprofit employee labor organization representing mechanical employees of the railroad is not fully cooperating with an audit conducted pursuant to this subsection, the Secretary shall electronically notify the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives of such noncooperation.

(f) Review of regulations

Not later than 5 years after the date of the enactment of this Act, and periodically thereafter, the Secretary shall determine whether any update to chapters I and II of subtitle B of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, is necessary to ensure the adequacy of railcar, locomotive, and train brake system inspections.

(g) Annual report

The Secretary shall publish an annual report on the public website of the Federal Railroad Administration that—

(1) summarizes the findings of the audits conducted pursuant to subsection (e) during the most recently concluded fiscal year;

(2) summarizes any updates made to chapter I or II of subtitle B of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, pursuant to this section; and

(3) excludes any confidential business information or sensitive security information.

(h) Rule of construction

Nothing in this section may be construed—

(1) to provide the Secretary with any authority to interpret, revise, alter, or apply a collectively bargained agreement, nor any authority over collective bargaining, collectively bargained agreements, or any aspect of the Railway Labor Act (45 U.S.C. 151 et seq.);

(2) to alter the terms or interpretations of existing collective bargaining agreements; or

(3) to abridge any procedural rights or remedies provided under a collectively bargained agreement.

106. Emergency brake signals

(a) In general

Not later than 30 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Administrator of the Federal Railroad Administration shall convene a meeting of the Railroad Safety Advisory Committee for the purpose of considering a regulatory safety task on the functioning of emergency brake signals.

(b) Purpose

The Railroad Safety Advisory Committee shall consider—

(1) the sufficiency of the regulations under part 232 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, with regard to end-of-train and head-of-train device communications;

(2) whether National Transportation Safety Board Safety Recommendations R–20–028 and R–20–029 have been adequately addressed;

(3) whether more frequent communication checks between a head-of-train device and an end-of-train device would improve rail safety; and

(4) whether repetition of the emergency brake signal transmission until it is received by the end-of-train device would improve rail safety.

(c) Recommendations and work plan

Not later than 90 days after the meeting is convened pursuant to subsection (a), a working group of the Railroad Safety Advisory Committee should—

(1) develop initial recommendations with respect to the matters considered under subsection (b); and

(2) complete a work plan for implementing such recommendations.

107. Defect detection systems

(a) In general

Subchapter II of chapter 201 of title 49, United States Code, as amended by section 105(a)(1), is further amended by adding at the end the following:

20173. Defect detection systems
(a) Definitions
In this section:
(1) Defect detection system
The term defect detection system means the use of defect detectors, the analysis of the data defect detectors produce, and any other aspects a system that help railroads identify and understand the severity of known safety conditions.
(2) Defect detector
The term defect detector means any device or equipment situated within the rail system that can detect and communicate a potential or known safety condition.
(3) High-hazard train
The term high-hazard train has the meaning given such term in section 20155(a)(5).
(4) Main line
The term main line means—
(A) a segment or route of railroad tracks—
(i) over which 5,000,000 or more gross tons of railroad traffic is transported annually; and
(ii) that has a maximum authorized speed for freight trains in excess of 25 miles per hour; and
(B) intercity rail passenger transportation or commuter rail passenger transportation routes or segments over which high-hazard trains operate.
(5) Physical characteristics
The term physical characteristics means the physical terrain and operating considerations related to the physical terrain for the relevant main line.
(b) Defect Detector Analysis Program
The Secretary shall develop a program for the research, development, testing, and evaluation of defect detector systems to inform and support the rulemaking required under subsection (d) and the evaluation of plans under subsection (c), which shall include—
(1) an evaluation of existing manufacturer recommended practices, industry-developed voluntary consensus technical standards, and railroad safety data to inform appropriate standards for commercially available defect detector systems and ensure the integrity and reliability of their use on the general railroad system, including standards relating to—
(A) maintenance;
(B) testing;
(C) inspection; and
(D) installation;
(2) an assessment of existing alert thresholds and trending algorithms to determine appropriate metrics and levels to ensure that defect detector systems identify unsafe equipment or operations in time to take appropriate safety actions;
(3) an evaluation of existing processes and procedures for decision-making and communication of appropriate safety actions necessary to address unsafe equipment or operations, including—
(A) stoppage of rail equipment;
(B) setting out rail equipment;
(C) train speed reduction;
(D) diverting a train; and
(E) inspection requirements;
(4) research to understand the capabilities and limitations of existing technologies in use or developed to better assess the plans required under the final rule issued pursuant to subsection (c); and
(5) research to understand new or developing technologies.
(c) Plan elements
(1) Risk-based
Each defect detection system plan required under the final rule issued pursuant to subsection (d) shall be risk-based.
(2) Contents
Each plan referred to in paragraph (1) shall include—
(A) a summary of the railroad’s proposed defect detector network, including—
(i) how the network will reduce the risk of incidents near population centers and on high-hazard train routes; and
(ii) a description of how the network will be implemented by the deadline set forth in subsection (d)(1)(B); and
(B) a description of how the railroad's defect detection system meets or exceeds the defect detection performance standards established pursuant to subsection (d)(1)(D);
(C) except as provided in paragraph (3), a risk-based approach for identifying overheated wheel bearings that require the placement of the types and spacing of defect detectors—
(i) for main lines traveling within an urbanized area with a population of at least 75,000, at a distance that provides for any train operating along the railroad’s route to undergo detection not less than 10 miles before entering such an area;
(ii) for main lines not equipped with acoustic bearing detectors or other similar technology, at a distance averaging 15 route miles to the extent possible based on the physical characteristics of the route; and
(iii) for main lines equipped with acoustic bearing detectors or other similar technology, at a distance averaging 20 route miles to the extent possible based on the physical characteristics of the route along which such detectors are being installed;
(D) the types and spacing of other wayside defect detectors required to be placed, to the extent such detectors are utilized;
(E) the manufacturer's expected performance for each type of defect detector and how the carrier will assess compliance with such performance;
(F) procedures for promptly providing pertinent safety alerts to train employees, including locomotive engineers and conductors, train dispatchers, and relevant maintenance employees;
(G) the ability to share relevant safety data from the defect detector network with other railroad carriers and with railcar owners;
(H) policies and procedures for training employees regarding relevant elements of the defect detector system, including—
(i) persons whose duties include installing, maintaining, repairing, modifying, inspecting, reviewing data, and testing safety-critical elements of the railroad’s defect detector, including central office, wayside, or onboard subsystems;
(ii) persons who receive and review defect detector alerts; and
(iii) persons who operate trains or serve as a train or engine crew member;
(I) policies for maintaining records regarding the required elements of the rail defect detector network for not less than 5 years, which shall not include data on individual alerts; and
(J) designs for the collection and analysis of applicable alerts, thresholds, and corresponding safety actions.
(3) Alternative hot bearing detection plan
(A) Submission
A rail carrier may comply with an alternative hot bearing detection plan instead of the requirements described in paragraph (2)(C) if—
(i) the rail carrier submits such plan to the Secretary and the Secretary approves the plan; and
(ii) the plan provides an equivalent or higher level of safety as the requirements described in paragraph (2)(C).
(B) Triennial reviews
Not less frequently than triennially, the Secretary shall review each alternative plan approved pursuant to subparagraph (A) to determine its continuing effectiveness at detecting bearing-related defects.
(d) Rulemaking
(1) In general
Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of the Railway Safety Act of 2026, the Secretary shall initiate a rulemaking, and not later than 2 years after such date of enactment, the Secretary shall issue a final rule, in compliance with Executive Order 12866 (5 U.S.C. 601 note; relating to regulatory planning and review), that—
(A) requires Class I railroads to submit, not later than 1 year after the issuance of such final rule, defect detector network plans that include the elements described in subsection (c)(2);
(B) requires the Class I railroads to implement the plan required under subparagraph (A) not later than 3 years after the issuance of such final rule;
(C) creates procedures to review, approve, and monitor compliance of such plans;
(D) establishes performance standards measured by the ability of a defect detection system to identify defects before a condition that is likely to result in an accident or incident, including how such ability will be measured and reported for data related to requirements;
(E) requires the reporting of data regarding the defect defector network effectiveness, including defect detector failures;
(F) creates requirements for Class I railroads to test, inspect, and maintain any defect detector based on the evaluation completed pursuant to subsection (b)(1); and
(G) establish appropriate thresholds for alerts and corresponding safety actions, to the extent necessary.
(2) Updated standards
The performance standards established pursuant to paragraph (1)(D) shall be updated not less frequently than once every 5 years.
(e) Updates and approvals
(1) Updates
Each entity subject to the mandate in subsection (a) shall update the plans required under subsection (d)(1)(A)—
(A) to reflect material changes to its railcar defect detector network; or
(B) to address changes made to the performance standards pursuant to subsection (d)(2).
(2) Approvals
To ensure safety, the Secretary shall promptly review each plan submitted pursuant to subsection (d)(1)(A), against the performance standards established pursuant to subsection (d)(1)(D), and approve or reject each such plan.
(3) Reviews for compliance
Not less frequently than biannually, the Secretary shall conduct reviews to ensure that Class I railroads are complying with the plans required under paragraph (1).
(4) Public availability
Not later than 60 days after receipt, the Secretary shall make available to the public on the website of the Department of Transportation any plan or update submitted pursuant to this section, but the Secretary shall redact—
(A) proprietary information, as verified by the Secretary; and
(B) security-sensitive information, including information described in section 1520.5(a) of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (or successor regulation), as verified by the Secretary.
(f) Enforcement
The Secretary may assess a civil penalty under chapter 213 of this title for a violation of a rule promulgated pursuant to subsection (d) for—
(1) each accident or incident on a route where the railroad is noncompliant with the plan approved under subsection (e)(2); and
(2) failing to take any corresponding safety action to an alert as set forth in the approved plan pursuant to subsection (c)(2)(J).
(g) Preservation of authority
Nothing in this section may be construed to restrict the authority of the Secretary.

(b) Clerical amendment

The analysis for subchapter II of chapter 201 of title 49, United States Code, as amended by section 105(a)(2), is further amended by adding at the end the following:

20173. Defect detection systems.

(c) Temporary defect detection assistance

(1) Formula grant program

The Administrator of the Federal Railroad Administration shall establish a formula grant program to assist commuter railroads with installing defect detection technology.

(2) Eligible entities

A commuter railroad that has a contract with a Class I railroad, as of May 1, 2026, that requires the commuter railroad to install defect detection technology that complies with the approved plan submitted pursuant to section 20173 of title 49, United States Code, as added by subsection (a), is eligible to receive a grant under this subsection.

(3) Formula

Grant funding under this subsection shall be allocated based on the number of defect detectors required to be installed to comply with section 20173 of title 49, United States Code.

(4) Requirements

Any eligible entity that receives grant funding under this subsection shall comply with the grant conditions set forth in section 22909(j) of title 49, United States Code.

(5) Authorization of appropriations

There is authorized to be appropriated to the Federal Railroad Administration such amounts as may be necessary to carry out the formula grant program under this subsection.

108. Safe Freight Act of 2026

(a) Short title

This section may be cited as the “Safe Freight Act of 2026”.

(b) Freight train crew size

Subchapter II of chapter 201 of title 49, United States Code, is amended by inserting after section 20153 the following:

20154. Freight train crew size safety standards
(a) Minimum crew size
Except as provided in subsections (b) and (c), a freight train operated by a Class I railroad may not be operated without a 2-person crew consisting of at least 1 appropriately qualified and certified conductor and 1 appropriately qualified and certified locomotive engineer.
(b) Exceptions
(1) In general
Except as provided in paragraph (2), the requirement under subsection (a) shall not apply with respect to—
(A) train operations on track that is not a main line (as defined in section 20173(a)(2));
(B) locomotives performing assistance to a train that has incurred mechanical failure or lacks the power to traverse difficult terrain, including traveling to or from the location where assistance is provided;
(C) locomotives that—
(i) are not attached to any equipment or are attached only to a caboose; and
(ii) do not travel farther than 50 miles from the point of origin of such locomotive; and
(D) train operations staffed with fewer than a 2-person crew at least 1 year before the date of the enactment of the Safe Freight Act of 2026, unless the Secretary determines that such operations do not achieve an equivalent level of safety as would result from compliance with the requirement under subsection (a).
(2) Trains ineligible for exception
The exceptions under paragraph (2) may not be applied to—
(A) a high-hazard train (as defined in section 20155(a)); or
(B) a train consist with a total length of not less than 7,500 feet.
(c) Waiver
A railroad carrier may seek a waiver of the requirements under subsection (a) in accordance with section 20103(d).
(d) Preservation of authority
Nothing in this section may be construed to restrict the authority of the Secretary.

(c) Clerical amendment

The analysis for subchapter II of chapter 201 of title 49, United States Code, is amended by inserting after the item relating to section 20153 the following:

20154. Freight train crew size safety standards.

109. Increased penalties for violations of rail safety regulations

(a) Railroad safety violations

Section 21301(a) of title 49, United States Code, is amended—

(1) by striking paragraphs (1) and (2) and inserting the following:

(1) A person may not fail to comply with a requirement of, a regulation prescribed under, or an order issued by the Secretary under chapters 201 through 211. Subject to section 21304, a person violating a requirement of, a regulation prescribed under, or an order issued by the Secretary under chapters 201 through 211 is liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty. An act by an individual that causes a railroad carrier to be in violation constitutes a violation of this paragraph. A separate violation occurs for each day such violation continues.
(2) The Secretary shall include in, or make applicable to, each requirement of, regulation prescribed under, and order issued under chapters 201 through 211 a civil penalty for a violation of such requirement, regulation, or order in an amount equal to—
(A) not less than $5,000 and not more than $1,000,000; or
(B) if the person committing such violation is a small business concern (as such term is used in part 121 of title 13, Code of Federal Regulations (or a successor regulation)), including a Class III railroad, not less than $1,000 and not more than $200,000.

(2) by redesignating paragraphs (3) and (4) as paragraphs (5) and (6), respectively;

(3) by inserting after paragraph (2) the following:

(3) If a violation described in paragraph (1) results in death, serious illness, or severe injury to any person, causes an imminent hazard of death or injury, or results in the substantial destruction of property, the Secretary may increase the civil penalty required under paragraph (2) to—
(A) a maximum of $5,000,000; or
(B) if the person committing such violation is a small business concern (as such term is used in part 121 of title 13, Code of Federal Regulations (or a successor regulation)), a maximum of $500,000.
(4) The Secretary may double the civil penalty otherwise required under paragraph (2) or (3) if the violation follows a pattern of repeated violations or otherwise reflects a deliberate indifference or conscious disregard to the consequences of the conduct.

(4) in paragraph (6), as redesignted by paragraph (2), by adding at the end “Such civil action may be brought in the judicial district in which the violation occurred or in which the defendant has its principal executive office. If the civil action is against an individual, the action may also be brought in the judicial district in which such individual resides.”.

(b) Hours of service violations

Section 21301 of title 49, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following:

(d) Additional provisions related to violations of chapter 211
(1) In any proceeding involving a violation of chapter 211, or a violation of a regulation or order issued pursuant to such chapter, a railroad carrier is deemed to have knowledge of the acts of its officers and agents.
(2) A civil action involving a violation of chapter 211, or a violation of a regulation or order issued pursuant to such chapter, shall be brought in an appropriate district court of the United States not later than—
(A) 2 years after the date of such violation; or
(B) if the person committing the violation received notice under section 3711 of title 31 prior to the date described in subparagraph (A), the last day of the 5-year period specified in section 2462 of title 28.
(3) A separate violation of section 21106 occurs for each day employee sleeping quarters are not in compliance with the requirements under such section.
(4) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, including the Federal Civil Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act of 1990 (28 U.S.C. 2461 note), the inflation adjustment—
(A) for minimum penalty amounts amended by this section, and any discretionary inflation adjustment of guideline penalty amounts by the Secretary, shall be rounded to the nearest multiple of $100; and
(B) for maximum penalty amounts amended by this section, shall be rounded to the nearest multiple of $1,000.

(c) Repeal

(1) In general

Chapter 213 of title 49, United States Code, is amended by striking sections 21302 and 21303.

(2) Clerical amendment

The analysis for chapter 213 of title 49, United States Code, is amended by striking the items relating to sections 21302 and 21303.

110. Safer tank cars

(a) Class 3 flammable liquids phase-Out schedule

Beginning on December 31, 2027, no railroad tank car, regardless of its construction date, may be used to transport Class 3 flammable liquids in packing groups II and III (other than Class 3 flammable liquids listed in paragraphs (1) and (2) of section 7304(b) of the Hazardous Materials Transportation Safety Improvement Act of 2015 (49 U.S.C. 20155 note)), regardless of the composition of the train consist, unless such tank car meets or exceeds the DOT–117, DOT–117P, or DOT–117R specifications (as in effect on the date of the enactment of this Act), including DOT–105A, DOT–105H, DOT–105J, DOT–105S, DOT–112H, DOT–112S, DOT–112J, DOT–120J, and DOT–120S tank cars.

(b) Conforming regulatory amendments

(1) In general

The Secretary—

(A) shall immediately remove or revise the date-specific deadlines in any applicable regulations or orders to the extent necessary to conform with the requirement under subsection (a); and

(B) may not enforce any date-specific deadline or requirement that is inconsistent with the requirement under subsection (a).

(2) Rule of construction

Except as required under paragraph (1), nothing in this section may be construed to require the Secretary to issue regulations to implement this section.

(c) Amending the phase-Out date

If the Secretary, based on the data contained in the report issued pursuant to subsection (d), determines that the phase-out date under subsection (a) cannot be met due to insufficient manufacturing capacity or would otherwise result in significant impacts to interstate commerce, the Secretary shall delay the phase-out scheduled under subsection (a) to December 31, 2028.

(d) GAO review

Not later than 18 months after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Comptroller General of the United States shall issue a report to the Secretary, the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives that—

(1) identifies the manufacturing capacity of tank car manufacturers in North America, that manufacture tank cars to meet DOT–117 and DOT–117P specification requirements;

(2) identifies the retrofit capacity of tank car manufacturers and other entities in North America that can retrofit DOT–111 tank cars to meet DOT–117R specification requirements;

(3) estimates the schedule of replacing tank cars currently in service that are reaching the end of their life cycle;

(4) identifies the number of tank cars that need to be phased out or retrofitted under subsection (a) and the number that could be retrofitted; and

(5) estimates the demand for new tank cars.

111. Rail safety infrastructure research and development grants

(a) Research requirement

The Administrator of the Federal Railroad Administration shall award grants to eligible recipients described in section 22907(b) of title 49, United States, in accordance with the restrictions and limitation on eligibility described in such section, for research and development of defect detectors and the prevention of derailments of trains transporting hazardous materials.

(b) Authorization of appropriations

There is authorized to be appropriated to the Federal Railroad Administration $25,000,000, which shall be used for the grants authorized under subsection (a) and shall remain available until expended.

112. Authorization of appropriations for tank car research and development

There is authorized to be appropriated to the Administrator of the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, $5,000,000, which shall be used for expenses relating to the development of—

(1) stronger, safer tank cars and valves for tank cars; and

(2) other tank car safety features.

113. Federal Railroad Administration safety culture

(a) Review

Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Inspector General of the Department of Transportation shall—

(1) conduct a review of the Federal Railroad Administration’s safety culture using the framework developed by the Nuclear Energy Agency of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; and

(2) submit a report to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives that includes recommendations for improving the Federal Railroad Administration’s safety culture.

(b) Considerations

As a part of the review conducted pursuant to subsection (a)(1), the Inspector General shall consider the impacts of the Federal Railroad Administration’s—

(1) reorganization of its safety offices and management structure;

(2) reorganization of its policy and research offices; and

(3) telework policies, including any change in policies since the beginning of the COVID–19 pandemic.

(c) Action plan

Not later than 1 year after the submission of the report required under subsection (a)(2), the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives and post on a public-facing website an action plan that addresses the recommendations and findings made by the Inspector General in such report.

114. GAO report on roadway worker protections

(a) In general

Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Comptroller General of the United States shall—

(1) conduct a review of currently available technologies for roadway workers (as defined in section 214.7 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations) with protection from the hazards of being struck by a train or other on-track equipment in the United States; and

(2) submit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives a report that summarizes the results of the review conducted under subparagraph (a), including recommendations, as the Comptroller General considers appropriate.

(b) Contents

The report submitted under subsection (a)(2) shall—

(1) describe the frequency, type, and causes of incidences within the rail right-of-way associated with roadway workers being struck by a train or other on-track equipment, based on available data, including whether individuals were acting in compliance with the applicable rules, policies, procedures, and practices;

(2) describe the types of technologies referenced in subsection (a)(1) that are designed to reduce risk of injury and death when deployed as a secondary warning system to the standard operating procedures of a rail carrier, including for each technology—

(A) the primary function and features;

(B) the maturity, implementation readiness, and user experience;

(C) the frequency of implementation;

(D) any costs, including up front and ongoing maintenance costs, of the technology and other costs associated with the technology;

(E) safety benefits associated with the technology relative to current rules, policies, procedures, and practices; and

(F) ability to enhance protections for roadway workers without negatively impacting operational or network efficiencies;

(3) discuss the potential for such technologies to reduce or eliminate roadway worker accidents occurring within the rail right-of-way;

(4) describe any challenges or barriers to adoption of such safety technologies, including operational, technical, and network efficiency challenges or barriers; and

(5) assess the cost-beneficial nature of utilizing such technology as a secondary warning system.

115. Federal Railroad Administration safety workforce management

Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Inspector General of the Department of Transportation shall submit a report to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives that contains the results of a review of the Federal Railroad Administration Office of Railroad Safety inspector and specialist staff resource management, including—

(1) an assessment of the changes in the number of Federal Railroad Administration safety inspectors and specialists, including—

(A) the number of safety inspector and specialist vacancies at the time of the review;

(B) the number of such positions requested in each of the budget requests for the last 10 fiscal years; and

(C) the actual workforce levels during each of such fiscal years;

(2) an assessment of geographic allocation plans, potential hiring and time-to-hire challenges, expected retirement rates, and recruitment and retention strategies;

(3) a description of any internal Federal Railroad Administration goals for compliance inspection rates across the network of regulated activities, and whether requested and actual safety inspector and specialist workforce levels align with such goals;

(4) whether the system used for the notification, processing, or storing of civil penalty enforcement cases and other compliance actions recommended by safety inspectors and specialists against railroads, shippers of hazardous materials, and other respondents effectively supports the Federal Railroad Administration’s compliance inspection and enforcement program;

(5) whether any macroeconomic or other conditions exist or have existed under which it has been difficult for the Federal Railroad Administration to fill safety inspector and specialist vacancies, and the degree to which special rates of pay or other recruitment and retention practices could ameliorate or could have ameliorated such difficulty; and

(6) recommendations for any reforms that could—

(A) improve the recruitment, hiring, and retention of Federal Railroad Administration safety inspectors and specialists, including potential quality of life and workplace improvements;

(B) improve Federal Railroad Administration workforce management processes; or

(C) increase the capacity for inspection activities, if such capacity is identified as deficient, at the Federal Railroad Administration, including activities relating to the transportation of hazardous materials.

116. Office of Personnel Management review of safety inspector and specialist classifications

(a) Revising railroad safety series

Not later than 270 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Director of the Office of Personnel Management shall—

(1) complete a review of the Railroad Safety Series, GS–2121, TS–37; and

(2) subject to subsection (b), revise the series referred to in paragraph (1), as appropriate, to reflect factors impacting the Federal Railroad Administration’s oversight of the railroad industry, including—

(A) current critical Federal Railroad Administration disciplines; and

(B) technological advancements and operational conditions within the railroad industry.

(b) Report

Not later than 30 days after completing the review required under subsection (a), if the Director determines that a revision of the Railroad Safety Series is not appropriate, the Director shall submit a report to theCommittee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate, the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate, the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform of the House of Representatives, and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives that—

(1) explains the findings of the review required under subsection (a); and

(2) justifies the determination not to make revisions to the Railroad Safety Series.

117. Alcohol and drug testing

Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Transportation shall amend part 219 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, to require any employee who, on behalf of a railroad, inspects locomotives, passenger cars, railcars, or other on-track equipment, to be subject to the breath or body fluid testing required under subparts C, D, and E of such part.

II Hazardous materials emergency response and preparedness

201. Hazardous materials registration fees

Section 5108(g) of title 49, United States Code, is amended—

(1) in paragraph (1), by striking “(1) The Secretary” and inserting the following:

(1) In general
The Secretary

(2) by striking paragraph (2) and inserting the following:

(A) In addition to a fee established under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall establish and impose by regulation and collect an annual fee.
(B) Subject to subparagraph (C), the fee established under subparagraph (A) shall be—
(i) not less than $250 but not more than $500 from each person that—
(I) is required to file a registration statement under this section; and
(II) is identified as a small business (within the meaning of part 121 of title 13, Code of Federal Regulations (or successor regulations)); and
(ii) not less than $500 but not more than $5,000 from each person that—
(I) is required to file a registration statement under this section; and
(II) is not identified as a small business (within the meaning of part 121 of title 13, Code of Federal Regulations (or successor regulations)).
(C) The Secretary shall adjust the amount being collected under this paragraph to reflect any unexpended balance in the account established under section 5116(h) of this title. However, the Secretary is not required to refund any fee collected under this paragraph.
(D) The Secretary shall transfer to the Secretary of the Treasury amounts the Secretary of Transportation collects under this paragraph for deposit in the Hazardous Materials Emergency Preparedness Fund established under section 5116(h) of this title.
(2)

202. Virtual training options

Section 5115(b)(1) of title 49, United States Code, is amended—

(1) in subparagraph (B), by striking “and” after the semicolon at the end; and

(2) by adding at the end the following:

(D) recommendations for the development of courses described in subparagraph (B) that have been adapted for virtual learning and any courses for which the Secretary has recommended adaptation to provide virtual options, subject to the condition that the Secretary ensures that the virtual options recommended will provide an equivalent level of training as in-person courses; and

203. Hazardous materials transportation emergency response and preparedness grants

(a) In general

Section 5116 of title 49, United States Code, is amended—

(1) by striking the section designation and heading and inserting the following:

5116. Hazardous materials transportation emergency response and preparedness

(2) in subsection (a)—

(A) in paragraph (1)—

(i) in subparagraph (B), by striking “; and” and inserting a semicolon;

(ii) in subparagraph (C)—

(I) by striking “public sector employees” and inserting “emergency response personnel”; and

(II) by striking the period at the end and inserting a semicolon; and

(iii) by adding at the end the following:

(D) until September 31, 2031, to purchase personal protective equipment, as determined by the Secretary, needed to respond to a hazardous materials emergency response incident, consistent with paragraph (7) and subject to the condition that not more than 50 percent of the funds made available under this subsection may be used for that purpose;
(E) to conduct and organize simulated and field exercises relating to hazardous materials transportation incidents; and
(F) to develop a hazardous materials transportation emergency response preparedness gap analysis in accordance with paragraph (9).

(B) in paragraph (5)(A)—

(i) in clause (i), by striking “public sector employees being trained” and inserting “emergency response personnel being trained virtually or in person”;

(ii) in clause (ii), by striking “employees” and inserting “personnel”;

(iii) in clause (iii)—

(I) by striking “employees” and inserting “personnel”; and

(II) by striking “; and” and inserting a semicolon; and

(iv) by adding at the end the following:

(v) the costs of personnel needed to replace any personnel being trained; and
(vi) lost wages for any volunteer being trained, up to a reasonable amount determined by the Secretary;

(C) in paragraph (6)—

(i) by striking subparagraph (A) and inserting the following:

(A) whether grant funds will be used to support the ability of the United States Government to respond to hazardous materials incidents near infrastructure commonly used to transport hazardous materials;

(ii) in subparagraph (B), by striking “amounts” and inserting “number of shipments”;

(D) by redesignating paragraphs (5) and (6) as paragraphs (6) and (8), respectively;

(E) by inserting after paragraph (4) the following:

(A) Subject to subparagraph (C), any State receiving a grant under this subsection shall, not later than 180 days after receiving the grant funds, make available to eligible local entities—
(i) not less than 70 percent of the grant funds; or
(ii) eligible services or activities described in paragraph (1) having a value of not less than 70 percent of the amount of the grant.
(B) A State shall certify to the Secretary that the State has made the distribution to eligible local entities required under paragraph (1) by providing such information as the Secretary shall require.
(i) The Governor of a State may request in writing that the Secretary extend the period under subparagraph (A) for an additional period of time.
(ii) The Secretary may approve a request under clause (i) if the Secretary determines that the delay in providing grant funding to eligible local entities pursuant to the extension is necessary to promote effective investments to prepare for or respond to hazardous materials transportation incidents.
(C)
(D) Subparagraph (A) shall not apply to Tribes, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, or the Virgin Islands.
(E) An eligible local entity may petition the Secretary to request that grant funds be provided by the Secretary directly to the eligible local entity if a State fails to apply for a grant under this subsection.
(F) In making grant funds available to eligible local entities under subparagraph (A), States shall consider whether the eligible local entity has a high proportion of volunteer emergency responders.
(G) For purposes of this paragraph, the term eligible local entity means any of the following:
(i) A political subdivision of a State.
(ii) A public emergency response organization.
(5)

(F) by inserting after paragraph (6) (as so redesignated) the following:

(7) A recipient of funds provided under this subsection may use the funds to purchase personal protective equipment only if the recipient agrees to properly maintain and store that personal protective equipment.

(G) by inserting after paragraph (8) (as so redesignated) the following:

(A) Each hazardous materials transportation emergency response preparedness gap analysis developed pursuant to paragraph (1)(F) shall include—
(i) an identification of gaps and limitations of the hazard response program of the applicable jurisdiction, including—
(I) knowledge and personal protective equipment gaps; and
(II) gaps in training, including Incident Command Management training and ASTM Standard E3241 training; and
(ii) a strategic plan to address the gaps and limitations identified under clause (i).
(B) In developing a hazardous materials transportation emergency response preparedness gap analysis pursuant to paragraph (1)(F), the entity preparing the analysis shall—
(i) coordinate with Regional Response Teams (as described in section 300.115 of title 40, Code of Federal Regulations (or a successor regulation));
(ii) include States, Tribes, hazardous materials emergency response programs, local governments, and emergency response personnel (including fire service organizations) in that development, as appropriate; and
(iii) provide an opportunity for States, Tribes, hazardous materials emergency response programs, local governments, and emergency response personnel (including fire service organizations) to review and comment on the analysis before the analysis is published.
(9)

(3) in subsection (d)—

(A) in the second sentence, by striking “Amounts” and inserting the following:

(2) Certain amounts
Amounts

(B) in the first sentence, by striking “A grant under this section is for 80 percent of the cost the State or Indian tribe incurs” and inserting the following:

(1) In general
A grant under this section is for 90 percent of the costs incurred by a State, or 100 percent of the costs incurred by a Tribe,

(C) by adding at the end the following:

(3) In-kind contributions
For purposes of this subsection, the contributions of a State or Tribe toward the costs of an activity funded by a grant under this section may be in the form of in-kind contributions.

(4) by amending subsection (h) to read as follows:

(h) Annual registration fee account and its uses
(1) In general
The Secretary of the Treasury shall establish an account in the Treasury (to be known as the “Hazardous Materials Emergency Preparedness Fund”) into which the Secretary of the Treasury shall deposit amounts the Secretary of Transportation transfers to the Secretary of the Treasury under section 5108(g)(2)(D).
(2) Uses
Without further appropriation, amounts in the account are available—
(A) to make grants under this section and section 5107(e);
(B) to monitor and provide technical assistance under subsection (e);
(C) to publish and distribute an emergency response guide; and
(D) to pay administrative costs of carrying out this section and sections 5107(e) and 5108(g)(2), except that not more than 4 percent of the amounts made available from the account in a fiscal year may be used to pay those costs.
(3) Set aside
(A) In general
The amounts collected under section 5123 shall be—
(i) set aside for the purpose of carrying out subsection (k); and
(ii) available, without further appropriation, for that purpose.
(B) Application
The set-aside described in subparagraph (A)—
(i) shall apply until the earliest date on which the total amount set aside and available for expenditure under that subparagraph equals or exceeds $50,000,000; and
(ii) after that date, shall apply to each subsequent period—
(I) beginning on a date on which the total amount set aside and available for expenditure under that subparagraph is less than $20,000,000; and
(II) ending on the earliest subsequent date on which the total amount set aside and available for expenditure under that subparagraph equals or exceeds $50,000,000.

(5) by striking subsection (k) and inserting the following:

(k) Reports
The Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and make available to the public an annual report that—
(1) includes information on the allocation and uses of the grants made available under—
(A) this section; and
(B) subsections (e) and (i) of section 5107;
(2) identifies the ultimate recipients of those grants;
(3) identifies the amount of funding available for each grant;
(4) describes any unobligated balances, total annual drawdown by each grantee, and recovered balances;
(5) includes the amount of funding rescinded, by grant recipient, for each grant; and
(6) includes—
(A) a detailed accounting and description of each grant expenditure by each grant recipient, including the amount of, and purpose for, each expenditure;
(B) the number of persons trained under the grant program, by training level;
(C) a description of any personal protective equipment purchased using grant funds;
(D) an evaluation of the efficacy of each grant program; and
(E) any recommendations the Secretary may have for improving such grant programs.

(6) by striking “tribes” each place it appears and inserting “Tribes”.

(b) Assistance for local emergency response training

Section 5116(j)(1)(A) of title 49, United States Code, is amended by striking “liquids” and inserting “materials”.

(c) Authorization of appropriations

Section 5128(b) of title 49, United States Code, is amended—

(1) in the matter preceding paragraph (1), by striking “Hazardous Materials Preparedness Fund” and inserting “Hazardous Materials Emergency Preparedness Fund”;

(2) in paragraph (3), by striking “section 5116(h)(3); and” and inserting “section 5116(h)(2)(C);”; and

(3) by striking paragraph (4) and inserting the following:

(4) $4,000,000 to carry out section 5116(i); and
(5) $1,000,000 to carry out section 5116(j).

(d) Clerical amendment

The analysis for chapter 51 of title 49, United States Code, is amended by striking the item relating to section 5116 and inserting the following:

5116. Hazardous materials transportation emergency response and preparedness.

(e) Conforming amendments

(1) Section 5102 of title 49, United States Code, is amended by striking paragraph (6) and inserting the following:

(6) Indian tribe, Indian Tribe, and Tribe have the meaning given the term Indian Tribe in section 4 of the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (25 U.S.C. 5304).

(2) Section 5116(j)(3)(B) of title 49, United States Code, is amended—

(A) in clause (iii), by striking “subsection (h)(3)” and inserting “subsection (h)(2)(C)”; and

(B) in clause (iv), by striking “subsection (h)(4)” and inserting “subsection (h)(2)(D)”.

(3) Section 5123 of title 49, United States Code, is amended by striking subsection (g) and inserting the following:

(g) Transfer of amounts collected
Amounts collected under this section shall be transferred to the Hazardous Materials Emergency Preparedness Fund established under section 5116(h).

204. Emergency response assistance

Section 5116 of title 49, United States Code, is amended—

(1) by redesignating subsection (k), as amended in section 203, as subsection (l);

(2) by inserting after subsection (j) the following:

(k) Emergency response assistance
(1) Definitions
In this subsection:
(A) Eligible entity
The term eligible entity means a—
(i) State, territory, or Tribe;
(ii) political subdivision of a State or territory; or
(iii) public emergency response organizations.
(B) Significant hazardous materials transportation incident
The term significant hazardous materials transportation incident means an incident that—
(i) involves hazardous materials being moved by a motor carrier or rail carrier;
(ii) requires a response by not fewer than 1 eligible entity for which the Secretary estimates the costs to the eligible entity to be not less than $15,000; and
(iii) results in a serious injury, fatality, or substantial property damage.
(C) Substantial property damage
The term substantial property damage means damage to public or private property or the environment (including clean up costs) the Secretary reasonably estimates to be more than $45,000.
(2) Establishment of program
Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of the Railway Safety Act of 2026, the Secretary, in consultation with the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, after providing an opportunity for notice and comment, shall establish an emergency response assistance program to provide immediate financial assistance to communities responding to a significant hazardous materials transportation incident.
(3) Significant hazardous materials transportation incident
(A) In general
The Secretary shall have the authority to declare a significant hazardous materials transportation incident.
(B) Guidelines
The Secretary shall establish and publish guidelines to determine whether a significant hazardous materials transportation incident has occurred.
(4) Release of funds
(A) In general
The Secretary shall immediately make available from the amount set aside under subsection (h)(3) in the Hazardous Materials Emergency Preparedness Fund established under subsection (h)(1) (referred to in this subsection as the Fund) up to $10,000,000 to quickly reimburse eligible entities that responded to a significant hazardous materials transportation incident if—
(i) the Secretary declares the incident a significant hazardous materials transportation incident; and
(ii) at least 14 days but not later than 21 days after the declaration of a significant hazardous materials transportation incident, the Secretary determines, in accordance with paragraph (7), that the responsible party does not have an acceptable reimbursement plan.
(B) Additional funds
In addition to any amounts made available under subparagraph (A), the Secretary shall make additional funding available from the amount set aside under subsection (h)(3) in the Fund if the Secretary determines that the additional funding is necessary.
(C) Authority
The Secretary may make funds available under this subsection if the Secretary determines the responsible party is not complying with its acceptable plan under paragraph (7).
(5) Administration of funds
The Secretary may provide funds from the amount set aside under subsection (h)(3) in the Fund to a State in which a hazardous materials transportation incident occurred for the State to use and administer reimbursements in accordance with this subsection, including by providing funds to eligible entities.
(6) Use of funds
(A) In general
Funds made available under paragraph (4) or (5) may be used only—
(i) for the cost of replacing personal protective equipment that is damaged, contaminated, or otherwise rendered unusable as a result of the response of the eligible entity to a significant hazardous materials transportation incident;
(ii) for overtime pay of employees of eligible entities that responded to the scene of a significant hazardous materials transportation incident;
(iii) for operational costs exceeding standard operating expenses that are directly related to the cost of responding to the significant hazardous materials transportation incident, such as the costs of running a supplementary emergency response center;
(iv) for the cost of providing baseline health care assessments to emergency response personnel who responded to the significant hazardous materials transportation incident, but not more than $1,000 per person, which shall be adjusted annually for inflation; and
(v) to reimburse an eligible entity for an eligible cost described in any of clauses (i) through (iv) that is incurred within 30 days of the date of a significant hazardous materials transportation incident.
(B) Documentation of costs
Not later than 1 year after the date on which the Secretary declares a significant hazardous materials transportation incident for which an eligible entity receives assistance under this subsection, the eligible entity shall submit to the Secretary documentation for each item for which that assistance was used pursuant to the eligible uses of funds described in subparagraph (A).
(C) Misuse of funds
If the Secretary determines that an eligible entity has used assistance received under this subsection in a manner that violates subparagraph (A) or any other provision of this subsection, the eligible entity shall reimburse the Fund (if the assistance was provided from the Fund) or the responsible party (if the assistance was provided by the responsible party), for the amount of that assistance.
(7) Acceptable plan
(A) In general
For purposes of paragraph (4)(A)(ii), the Secretary shall consider a reimbursement plan of a responsible party to be acceptable if the plan seeks to review and process claims made by eligible entities for the costs described in paragraph (6) not later than 90 days after the date of the significant hazardous materials transportation incident.
(B) Advance submission; certain plans
(i) Advance submission
A plan to provide reimbursement to eligible entities in accordance with subparagraph (A) may be submitted to the Secretary for approval in advance of any significant hazardous materials transportation incident to which the plan might apply.
(ii) Certain plan
A hazardous materials emergency response plan approved by the Secretary in accordance with section 20155(e) shall be considered an acceptable plan for purposes of this subsection.
(8) Reimbursement by responsible party
(A) In general
Subject to subparagraph (F), the party responsible for a significant hazardous materials transportation incident shall be liable to the Secretary for reimbursement of all amounts disbursed from the Fund under this subsection for that significant hazardous materials transportation incident.
(B) Requirement
Any funding recovered by the Secretary under this subsection shall be deposited back into the Fund.
(C) Notice
After the Secretary has received the documented costs under paragraph (6)(B), the Secretary shall provide notice to the responsible party regarding the total amount owed.
(D) Final agency action
Not later than 30 days after the Secretary makes a determination of the amount for which the responsible party is liable under subparagraph (A), the responsible party may challenge that determination as a final agency action.
(E) Civil action
(i) In general
The Attorney General may bring a civil action in an appropriate district court of the United States to collect unpaid amounts under this paragraph and any accrued interest on those amounts.
(ii) Limitation on judicial review
In a civil action under clause (i), the amount for which a responsible party is liable, as determined by the Secretary, unless challenged under subparagraph (D), shall not be subject to judicial review.
(F) Discretion
If the responsible party is a small business concern (within the meaning of part 121 of title 13, Code of Federal Regulations (or successor regulations)) that is unable to fully reimburse the Secretary, the Secretary shall have discretion with respect to the amount of funds the Secretary requests from the responsible party under this paragraph.
(9) Streamlined application process
The Secretary shall streamline the application process for the receipt of funds under this subsection, including by—
(A) providing technical assistance to eligible entities; and
(B) creating a template that eligible entities can use to apply for funding.
(10) Savings provisions
(A) Liability
Nothing in this subsection limits, or may be construed to limit, the liability of a responsible party.
(B) Reimbursement
(i) In general
A responsible party may, in accordance with any other applicable law—
(I) seek to establish that another party was responsible, in whole or in part (as such other law allows), for the applicable significant hazardous materials transportation incident; and
(II) seek reimbursement (to the extent such other law allows) from that other party.
(ii) Effect of subsection
Nothing in this subsection limits, or may be construed to limit, the ability of a responsible party to seek reimbursement from any other party found to be responsible in any civil action arising from the applicable significant hazardous materials transportation incident.
(iii) Effect of determination
A determination by the Secretary that a party is a responsible party for purposes of this subsection shall not be considered or otherwise have any effect with respect to the determination of liability in any civil action described in clause (ii).
(iv) Effect of reimbursements and other activities
No activity taken under this subsection to reimburse an eligible entity, reimburse the Secretary, prepare or carry out a reimbursement plan, or otherwise comply with or make a payment under this subsection shall be considered or otherwise have any effect with respect to the determination of liability in any civil action described in clause (ii).
(11) Comptroller General report
(A) In general
Not later than September 30, 2027, the Comptroller General of the United States shall submit to Congress a report on the effectiveness this subsection.
(B) Contents
The report submitted under subparagraph (A) shall include, at a minimum, information on—
(i) the number of significant hazardous materials transportation incidents that received funding under this subsection;
(ii) the amount of financial assistance the Secretary provided to eligible entities;
(iii) the amount of financial assistance responsible parties submitted to the Secretary under paragraph (8);
(iv) the amount of reimbursement the Secretary received from eligible entities as required under paragraph (6)(C);
(v) whether the amounts provided by the Secretary under this subsection adequately reflect the amounts actually spent by the eligible entities;
(vi) whether the Secretary was able to provide the financial assistance quickly enough to the eligible entities so that the assistance effectively supported the preparedness of the eligible entities to respond to potential future incidents; and
(vii) any other factors the Comptroller General of the United States considers to be appropriate to review the effectiveness of this subsection.

(3) by adding at the end the following:

(m) Definitions
In this section:
(1) Emergency response personnel
The term emergency response personnel means—
(A) an employee of a State, territory, Tribe, or political subdivision of a State; and
(B) a person belonging to a public emergency response organization.
(2) Public emergency response organization
(A) In general
The term public emergency response organization means—
(i) a fire department that has an all-paid force of firefighting personnel other than paid-on-call firefighters;
(ii) a fire department that has—
(I) paid firefighting personnel; and
(II) volunteer firefighting personnel;
(iii) a nonaffiliated EMS organization; and
(iv) a fire department that has an all-volunteer force of firefighting personnel.
(B) Associated definition
For purposes of subparagraph (A)(iii), the term nonaffiliated EMS organization means a public or private nonprofit emergency medical services organization that—
(i) is not affiliated with a hospital; and
(ii) does not serve a geographic area for which the Secretary or a State finds that emergency medical services are adequately provided by a fire department.