Hearings to examine the nominations of Jared Isaacman, of Pennsylvania, to be Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and Olivia Trusty, of Maryland, to be a Member of the Federal Communications Commission.

1[Senate Hearing 119-273]2[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]34                                                        S. Hrg. 119-27356                 NOMINATION TO THE NATIONAL AERONAUTICS7                    AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION AND THE8                   FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION910=======================================================================1112                                HEARING1314                               before the1516                         COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE,17                      SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION18                          UNITED STATES SENATE1920                    ONE HUNDRED NINETEENTH CONGRESS2122                             FIRST SESSION23                               __________2425                             APRIL 9, 202526                               __________2728    Printed for the use of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and29                             Transportation3031               [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]3233                Available online: http://www.govinfo.gov34                                ______3536                   U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE373862-667 PDF                 WASHINGTON : 20263940       SENATE COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION4142                    ONE HUNDRED NINETEENTH CONGRESS4344                             FIRST SESSION4546                       TED CRUZ, Texas, Chairman47JOHN THUNE, South Dakota             MARIA CANTWELL, Washington,48ROGER WICKER, Mississippi              Ranking49DEB FISCHER, Nebraska                AMY KLOBUCHAR, Minnesota50JERRY MORAN, Kansas                  BRIAN SCHATZ, Hawaii51DAN SULLIVAN, Alaska                 EDWARD MARKEY, Massachusetts52MARSHA BLACKBURN, Tennessee          GARY PETERS, Michigan53TODD YOUNG, Indiana                  TAMMY BALDWIN, Wisconsin54TED BUDD, North Carolina             TAMMY DUCKWORTH, Illinois55ERIC SCHMITT, Missouri               JACKY ROSEN, Nevada56JOHN CURTIS, Utah                    BEN RAY LUJAN, New Mexico57BERNIE MORENO, Ohio                  JOHN HICKENLOOPER, Colorado58TIM SHEEHY, Montana                  JOHN FETTERMAN, Pennsylvania59SHELLEY MOORE CAPITO, West Virginia  ANDY KIM, New Jersey60CYNTHIA LUMMIS, Wyoming              LISA BLUNT ROCHESTER, Delaware61                 Brad Grantz, Republican Staff Director62           Nicole Christus, Republican Deputy Staff Director63                   Lila Harper Helms, Staff Director64                 Melissa Porter, Deputy Staff Director6566                            C O N T E N T S6768                              ----------69                                                                   Page70Hearing held on April 9, 2025....................................     171Statement of Senator Cruz........................................     172Statement of Senator Cantwell....................................     373    Letter dated March 4, 2025 to Hon. Ted Cruz and Hon. Maria74      Cantwell from Mike Moses, President, Virgin Galactic.......    9275    Letter dated March 12, 2025 to Hon. Ted Cruz and Hon. Maria76      Cantwell from Kay Ivey, Governor, State of Alabama.........    9477    Letter dated April 7, 2024 to Senator Ted Cruz and Senator78      Maria Cantwell from Darren Pleasnce, President and CEO,79      Aircaft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA)...............    9580    Letter dated April 7, 2025 to Ranking Member Chris Van Hollen81      and Senator Angela Alsobrooks from Robert D. Braun, Head,82      Space Exploration Sector, Johns Hopkins Applied Physics83      Laboratory.................................................    9684    Letter to Hon. John Thune, Hon. Chuck Schumer, Hon. Ted Cruz85      and Hon. Maria Cantwell from Zak Kukoff, Chair, Tech86      Practice, Lewis-Burke Associates; Devin Bryant, Space Lead,87      Lewis-Burke Associates; David Cowan, Managing Partner,88      Bessemer Venture Partners; Delian Asparouhov, Co-Founder89      and President, Varda Space Industries; Partner, Founders90      Fund; Blake Scholl, Founder and CEO, Boom Aerospace; John91      Gedmark, Founder and CEO, Astranis; Chris Power, CEO,92      Hadrian; Austin Bishop, CEO, New American Industrial93      Alliance; Patrick Blumenthal, Founder, Anomaly Fund; Adam94      Grosser, Chairman, UP Partners; Saurav Shroff, Co-Founder,95      Starpath; Xander Oltmann, General Partner, Commodity96      Capital; Max Haot, CEO, Vast Space; Jonathan Lacoste,97      General Partner, Space VC; Andy Lapsa, Founder and CEO,98      Stoke Space; Jason Kim, CEO, Firefly Aerospace; AJ Piplica,99      Founder and CEO, Hermeus; Bradley Cheetham, CEO, Advanced100      Space; Jake Poliskin, Founding Partner, Shorewind Capital;101      Yash Shevde, Founder, Ursa Bio; Solange Massa, CEO,102      Ecoatoms; Casey Handmer, Founder, Terraform Industries;103      James Barlia, Executive Director, Station DC; Ashley104      Pilipiszyn, Founder and CEO, BESXAR........................    97105    Letter dated March 21, 2025 to Hon. Ted Cruz and Hon. Maria106      Cantwell from Dave Cavossa, President, Commercial Space107      Federation.................................................    99108    Letter dated March 14, 2025 to Hon. Ted Cruz and Hon. Maria109      Cantwell from former astronauts: Robert Cabana, Leroy110      Chiao, Ken Cockrell, Cady Coleman, Drew Feustel, Jack111      Fischer, Mike Foreman, Ron Garan, John Grunsfeld,Ken Ham,112      Brent Jett, Scott Kelly, Shane Kimbrough, Michael Lopez-113      Alegria, Ed Lu, Leland Melvin, Dottie Metcalf-Lindenburger,114      Karen Nyberg, Steve Oswald, William Readdy, Garrett115      Reisman, Stephen Robinson, Rusty Schweickart. Nicole Stott,116      Steven Swanson, Jim Voss, Peggy Whitson, and George Zamka..   101117    Letter dated March 4, 2025 to Hon. Ted Cruz and Hon. Maria118      Cantwell from Republican Governors: Governor Bill Lee,119      State of Tennessee; Governor Sarah Sanders, State of120      Arkansas; Governor Ron DeSantis, State of Florida; Governor121      Brian Kemp, State of Georgia; Governor Mike Kehoe, State of122      Missouri; Governor Kevin Stitt, State of Oklahoma and123      Governor Greg Abbott, State of Texas.......................   102124    Letter dated April 8, 2025 to Hon. Ted Cruz and Hon. Maria125      Cantwell from Tim F. Lussier, M.A.--San Antonio, Texas--126      United States of America--Planet Earth.....................   104127    Letter dated March 27, 2025 to Hon. Ted Cruz and Hon. Maria128      Cantwell from Ed Bolen, President and CEO, National129      Business Aviation Association..............................   105130    Letter dated April 9, 2025 to Hon. Ted Cruz and Hon. Maria131      Cantwell from Will Marshall, Co-Founder and Chief Executive132      Officer, Planet Labs PBC and Robbie Schingler, Co-Founder133      and Chief Strategy Officer, Planet Labs PBC................   107134    Letter dated February 20, 2025 to Hon. Ted Cruz and Hon.135      Maria Cantwell from Bill Woolf, CEO, President and Founder,136      Space Force Association, Colonel, USAF (Ret.)..............   109137    Letter dated April 7, 2025 to Hon. Ted Cruz and Hon. Maria138      Cantwell from Michael K. Powell, President and CEO, NCTA--139      The Internet & Television Association......................   110140    Letter dated April 8, 2025 to Hon. Ted Cruz and Hon. Maria141      Cantwell from Jonathan Spalter, President and Chief142      Executive Officer, USTelecom--The Broadband Association....   111143    Letter dated March 20, 2025 to Hon. Ted Cruz and Hon. Maria144      Cantwell from Grant Spellmeyer, President and CEO,145      America's Communication Association........................   112146    Letter dated February 28, 2025 to Hon. Ted Cruz and Hon.147      Maria Cantwell from James Erwin, Executive Director,148      Digital Liberty............................................   113149    Letter dated February 26, 2025 to Hon. John Thune, Hon. Chuck150      Schumer, Hon. Ted Cruz and Hon. Maria Cantwell from Nathan151      Leamer, Executive Director, Digital First Project; Harold152      Furchtgott-Roth, Senior Fellow and Director, Center for the153      Economics of the Internet, Hudson Institute; Grover154      Norquist, President, Americans For Tax Reform; Evan155      Swarztrauber, Senior Fellow, Foundation For American156      Innovation; Tom Hebert, Executive Director, Open157      Competition Center; James Erwin, Executive Director,158      Digital Liberty; Mike O'Rielly, Senior Fellow, Free State159      Foundation; David Williams, President, Taxpayers Protection160      Alliance; Ashley Baker, Executive Director, Committee for161      Justice; Yael Ossowski, Deputy Director, Consumer Choice162      Center; Gerard Scimeca, Chairman, Consumer Action for a163      Strong Economy; Jeff Mazzella, President, Center For164      Individual Freedom.........................................   115165    Letter dated March 4, 2025 to Hon. Ted Cruz and Hon. Maria166      Cantwell from ACT | The App Association, Alliance for167      Telecommunications Industry Solutions, CEDIA, Consumer168      Technology Association, CTIA--The Wireless Association, GPS169      Innovation Alliance, INCOMPAS, Internet Infrastructure170      Coalition, Information Technology Industry Council,171      Institute for Education, USTelecom, TechNet, Wireless172      Infrastructure Association and XR Association..............   117173    Letter dated April 9, 2025 to Hon. Ted Cruz and Hon. Maria174      Cantwell from Morgan Reed, President, ACT | The App175      Association................................................   119176    Letter dated April 2, 2025 to Hon. Ted Cruz and Hon. Maria177      Cantwell from Fire Chief Josh Waldo, CFO, EFO IAFC178      President and Board Chair 2024-2025........................   120179    Letter dated April 8, 2025 to Hon. Ted Cruz and Hon. Maria180      Cantwell from David Zumwalt, President and CEO, WISPA--181      Broadband Without Boundaries...............................   121182Statement of Senator Wicker......................................     5183Statement of Senator Sheehy......................................     7184Statement of Senator Kim.........................................    59185Statement of Senator Fischer.....................................    61186Statement of Senator Klobuchar...................................    63187Statement of Senator Moran.......................................    65188Statement of Senator Peters......................................    67189Statement of Senator Blackburn...................................    69190Statement of Senator Lujan.......................................    71191Statement of Senator Sullivan....................................    73192Statement of Senator Blunt Rochester.............................    75193Statement of Senator Young.......................................    76194Statement of Senator Duckworth...................................    78195Statement of Senator Moreno......................................    80196Statement of Senator Markey......................................    82197198                               Witnesses199200Jared Isaacman, Nominee to be Administrator, National Aeronautics201  and Space Administration.......................................     8202    Prepared statement...........................................    10203    Biographical information.....................................    12204Olivia Trusty, Nominee to be a Member, Federal Communications205  Commission.....................................................    45206    Prepared statement...........................................    47207    Biographical information.....................................    47208209                                Appendix210211Response to written questions submitted to Jared Isaacman by:212    Hon. Ted Cruz................................................   123213    Hon. Roger Wicker............................................   127214    Hon. John Curtis.............................................   127215    Hon. Shelley Moore Capito....................................   128216    Hon. Maria Cantwell..........................................   128217    Hon. Brian Schatz............................................   137218    Hon. Edward Markey...........................................   138219    Hon. Gary Peters.............................................   140220    Hon. Tammy Baldwin...........................................   142221    Hon. Jacky Rosen.............................................   143222    Hon. Ben Ray Lujan...........................................   145223    Hon. John Hickenlooper.......................................   146224    Hon. Lisa Blunt Rochester....................................   148225Response to written questions submitted to Olivia Trusty by:226    Hon. Ted Cruz................................................   148227    Hon. Dan Sullivan............................................   149228    Hon. Marsha Blackburn........................................   149229    Hon. Todd Young..............................................   150230    Hon. John Curtis.............................................   151231    Hon. Shelley Moore Capito....................................   151232    Hon. Maria Cantwell..........................................   152233    Hon. Amy Klobuchar...........................................   159234    Hon. Brian Schatz............................................   159235    Hon. Edward Markey...........................................   160236    Hon. Gary Peters.............................................   161237    Hon. Tammy Baldwin...........................................   162238    Hon. Tammy Duckworth.........................................   163239    Hon. Jacky Rosen.............................................   163240    Hon. Ben Ray Lujan...........................................   165241    Hon. John Hickenlooper.......................................   166242    Hon. Lisa Blunt Rochester....................................   168243244                           NOMINATION TO THE245                     NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE246                     ADMINISTRATION AND THE FEDERAL247                       COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION248249                              ----------250251                        WEDNESDAY, APRIL 9, 2025252253                                       U.S. Senate,254        Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation,255                                                    Washington, DC.256    The Committee met, pursuant to notice, at 10:25 a.m., in257room SR-253, Senate Russell Office Building, Hon. Ted Cruz,258Chairman of the Committee, presiding.259    Present: Senators Cruz, Wicker, Fischer, Moran, Sullivan,260Blackburn, Young, Budd, Schmitt, Curtis, Moreno, Sheehy,261Capito, Lummis, Cantwell, Klobuchar, Markey, Peters, Baldwin,262Duckworth, Rosen, Lujan, Hickenlooper, Kim, and Blunt263Rochester.264265              OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. TED CRUZ,266                    U.S. SENATOR FROM TEXAS267268    The Chairman. Today, we will hear from Jared Isaacman, who269has been nominated to lead the National Aeronautics and Space270Administration, NASA; and from Olivia Trusty, who has been271nominated to the Federal Communications Commission, the FCC.272    NASA has always been at the forefront of American273leadership. In 1969, that meant putting a man on the Moon,274today, it means returning there; this time to stay.275    Our nominee, Jared Isaacman, has been active in the276commercialization of space exploration. In 2021, Mr. Isaacman277commanded the first all-civilian spaceflight, Inspiration4.278    In 2024, he flew his second commercial mission, going279further into space than any other manned mission since Apollo28017. He brings a unique perspective to the challenges facing281NASA and the space industry.282    Today, NASA is at a crossroads. The explosive growth of the283commercial space sector, from hardware manufacturers to space284tourism ventures, has transformed the celestial and economic285landscape. Space is no longer the exclusive domain of sovereign286nations and a handful of legacy defense contractors. The287democratization of space has spurred growth, reduced launch and288satellite costs, and fostered the curiosity of the next289generation.290    At the same time, the future of the final frontier has291never been more uncertain. In military terms, space is the292ultimate high ground. A nation that dominates in space can293deprive others, not only of intelligence capabilities, but294modern conveniences like GPS and satellite internet. And make295no mistake; the Chinese Communist Party has been explicit in296its desire to dominate space, putting a fully functional space297station in low Earth orbit and robotic rovers on the far side298of the Moon.299    We are not headed for the next space race. It is already300here. President Trump alluded to this race in his inaugural301address when he envisioned American astronauts on Mars. I302strongly support the President's vision. In fact, my 2017 NASA303Authorization Act was one of the very first pieces of304legislation President Trump signed in his first term, and it305explicitly enshrined this goal in law.306    But the pursuit of the next horizon cannot mean abandoning307American dominance where it is already established. The308International Space Station has been continuously manned for309more than 20 years, serving as a hub for research and testing310together with our international partners in space exploration.311While we will eventually have to retire the ISS, before that312happens, we must put the necessary systems in place to support313and command American astronauts continually in low Earth orbit.314We cannot surrender low Earth orbit to the Chinese or to the315Russians. Likewise, the Artemis mission, launched during316President Trump's first term, is set to return American317astronauts to the Moon and establish a sustained human presence318there.319    Joining us in the audience today, as we heard earlier this320morning, are the four Artemis II astronauts: Reid Wiseman,321Victor Glover, Christina Koch, and Jeremy Hansen.322    [Applause.]323    The Chairman. In the next year, they will fly to and orbit324the Moon, setting the course for Artemis III's return to the325lunar surface in 2027. The Artemis mission and the entire Moon326to Mars program, which have enjoyed consistent bipartisan327support, serve as a stepping stone to landing American328astronauts on Mars. In fact, this stepping-stone approach is329explicitly in the law as enacted by Congress. We must stay the330course.331    An extreme shift in priorities at this stage would almost332certainly mean a red Moon, ceding ground to China for333generations to come. I am hard-pressed to think of a more334catastrophic mistake we could make in space than saying to335Communist China: The Moon is yours, America will not lead.336    So I look forward to hearing from Mr. Isaacman about his337goals for NASA, his commitment to Artemis, how he intends to338refocus and reinvigorate the Agency in its core mission, and339how he will ensure America continues to lead the world in space340exploration.341    Let me now turn to the Federal Communications Commission,342which faces its own set of challenges. The Agency's Universal343Service Fund was recently challenged in the Supreme Court. Its344Broadcast Ownership Rules are ill-adapted to the modern media345environment. And most significantly, in March 2023, the FCC346lost its authority to conduct Spectrum auctions for the first347time ever. This ongoing lapse in auction authority has cost348jobs and has weakened America's global standing.349    Increasing the amount of Spectrum available for commercial350use will secure our preeminence in telecommunications and will351unlock billions of dollars for domestic investment, creating352hundreds of thousands of jobs.353    Olivia Trusty has nearly 20 years of relevant experience in354telecommunications. She is currently a staff member at the355Armed Services Committee, which is chaired by our colleague,356Senator Wicker, who will be introducing her this morning. Ms.357Trusty has also worked as a policy director here at the358Commerce Committee, giving her well-rounded views of the359interests of both the Department of Defense and the commercial360industry when it comes to mid-band spectrum. I am confident361that Ms. Trusty will be an asset at the FCC, where she will362champion a Spectrum pipeline, protect free speech, and ensure363access to fast and affordable Internet.364    I look forward to hearing from both of today's nominees and365learning how they hope to advance American greatness within366their institutions.367    I now turn to Ranking Member Cantwell for her opening368remarks.369370               STATEMENT OF HON. MARIA CANTWELL,371                  U.S. SENATOR FROM WASHINGTON372373    Senator Cantwell. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. And good morning374to our two nominees: Mr. Isaacman, Ms. Trusty, congratulations375on this nomination. Mr. Isaacman, obviously for NASA, and Ms.376Trusty for the Federal Communications Agency.377    First, Mr. Isaacman, nominee for the Administrator of NASA,378as my colleague was just saying, the space race is heating up.379You will have a critical task of delivering mission-critical,380on-time, and on-budget challenges for the United States of381America over the next 4 years to make sure that we do not lose382in that space race. This includes successful execution on the383Artemis program, which will take the United States back to the384Moon and ultimately the goal of getting to Mars.385    The NASA Authorization Bill, which Senator Cruz and I co-386sponsored, strongly backs the Artemis program. It includes a387lunar lander redundancy, NASA's Space Launch SLS system, and388critical to America's leadership in space, getting Americans389back to the Moon.390    The State of Washington has long been a home to aviation,391but now, with over 40 companies across the State of Washington392producing space-related products, we have over 2,000 employees393working just on the Artemis program. So we're invested. These394companies supply components for the Gateway Space Station, the395Orion crew capsule, the two crewed lunar landers, the SLS heavy396lift rocket, and its ground system.397    Beyond space exploration, NASA is also one of the world's398top R&D organizations. We had a chance to talk about that in my399office, about NASA's discoveries and science that are helping400us with our aerospace industry overall. NASA scientists and401engineers provide the crucial evidence and information to both402government and industry on issues like AI, quantum, advanced403aerospace materials, and next-generation manufacturing.404    So I know a consortium in my state, standing up a tech hub,405has been an applicant that NASA has been very supportive of.406    I do have concerns as we move forward about reports in the407press about where the administration will come down on408investments. I hope we can talk about this today and clarify409your position as it relates to these priorities for our Nation.410For example, in March of--last month, The Wall Street Journal411reported that the Trump administration was considering major412changes to the Artemis program. You, too, have also made past413statements about changes to the program. And if NASA does414terminate the SLS and relies only on commercial rockets, such415as SpaceX and Blue Origin, New Glenn, experts say Americans416will not get to the Moon before the end of the decade, so a lot417of scientific analysis resting on your shoulders, and then the418budget capabilities to convince our colleagues to make these419investments.420    Like the Chairman, I want to win the race. I want to make421sure that China does not beat us to Mars. And I hope that even422with this recent announcement of theirs, that we beat them to423the Moon. I strongly believe that safety and resiliency, built424through redundancy and innovation through competition is a key.425So I would like to hear your views on that this morning.426    We are also seeing the administration, and DOGE427specifically, cancel research grants to fund science agency and428lay off highly skilled technical experts across the Federal429Government. According to the news reports, NASA has confirmed430an announcement by DOGE that up to $420 million in agency431contracts have been canceled. So this is of concern, sorting432out how this cancellation impacts many different organizations.433    Meanwhile, tomorrow is the last day of work for several top434NASA advisors, including the chief economist, the chief435scientist, and the chief technologist, their positions were436eliminated because of the DOGE agenda. Reports indicate that437the Fiscal Year 2026 budget request might slash NASA's science438funding by half.439    So Mr. Isaacman, all of these are in the news, and we will440want to understand your commitment to these issues, or441understanding your strategy about how you see us making these442commitments to invest in science for the future.443    Now to Ms. Trusty; certainly welcome to you and your family444who is here. I think you definitely outnumber the astronauts in445the room, which is, we very much appreciate that.446    [Applause.]447    Senator Cantwell. It is good to have that support, and your448nomination comes at a critical time for the FCC. We want to449have a communications system that is admired by the world, and450we know that you are no stranger to this issue, working very451diligently for Senator Wicker, both here on this committee and452now on the Armed Services Committee.453    The FCC plays a vital role in Spectrum policy management454and commercial airwaves, and I have long advocated, as I said455in my earlier statement, for an evidence-based system. During456the first Trump administration, the rush to auction, I think,457raised some concerns. Most notably, they sold the C-band458without proper FAA coordination about the impacts of aircraft459altimeters creating an unnecessary problem that almost caused460flights to be grounded, and slowed down the implementation of4615G.462    So I hope we will hear about that issue, how you see us463getting a more balanced approach in communication. Because of464the FCC's influence over some of our most important465institutions, including the media, and the internet, and466providers, the FCC is an independent agency not subject to467direct Presidential control, but this tradition is under468attack.469    The Trump administration is seeking to bring independent470agencies, like the FCC, under the President's direct control.471Recently, the President fired two Democratic commissioners at472the independent Federal Trade Commission without cause. So let473me be clear, removing independent commissioners based on their474party affiliations sets a dangerous precedent.475    I expect this administration will maintain a full FCC staff476with five commissioners, including two Democrats, and477meanwhile, the Trump administration FCC Chair has launched a478series of investigations into media companies that the479President doesn't like, so I was very happy to see this recent480decision on holding up the AP, very important to have a very,481very competitive landscape when it comes to media and news482production.483    The FCC should return to its longstanding role as a484neutral, independent regulator, and so look forward to asking485you questions about that as well today. But again,486congratulations on your nomination.487    Thank you, Mr. Chairman.488    The Chairman. Thank you. And in a moment I will recognize489Senator Wicker. But I do want to note in addition to the four490Artemis II astronauts who are here, we actually have a total of491ten astronauts in the room. We have had six more. We have the492astronauts of Polaris Dawn: Scott Poteet, Sarah Gillis, and493Anna Menon; and we have the astronauts of Inspiration4:, Hayley494Arceneaux, Chris Sembroski, and Dr. Sian Proctor. So to the six495of you as well, thank you for your service, and welcome.496    [Applause.]497    The Chairman. And I have to say, anytime you have ten498astronauts in the room, that this may be the most badass499assemblage at a Commerce Hearing that I have seen.500    And with that, I recognize Senator Wicker to make an501introduction.502503                STATEMENT OF HON. ROGER WICKER,504                 U.S. SENATOR FROM MISSISSIPPI505506    Senator Wicker. Well, thank you, Mr. Chairman. And yes,507thank you for introducing all of our astronauts, and as you can508see, Senator Fischer and I engaged in a little hero worship509before you hit the gavel and started this.510    But I am absolutely delighted to introduce and recommend to511the Committee and to the Senate, Olivia Trusty as the next512member of the FCC.513    I am unqualified, actually, to tell what a great nominee514she is. And also, I hope there is some work being done back at515my office. We have a number of staffers who slipped away, and I516think there are probably a number of people watching on the517telephone. But I am profoundly appreciative for this honor, and518appreciative to President Trump for making this nomination.519    I frankly cannot conceive of a more qualified nominee.520Oliver Trusty performs work at the highest level of excellence521and she does it for the right reasons, and for 7 years now I522have been the beneficiary of her expertise, but frankly this523Committee, and the Armed Services Committee, and Full Senate524have also been the beneficiary of her expertise.525    When I became Chairman of the Commerce Committee, I was526fortunate that Olivia agreed to join my committee staff. A few527years later, I became a Ranking Member of the Armed Services528Committee and I knew there was one member of this committee529staff that I wanted to bring over to handle her portfolio530there.531    Olivia Trusty has helped all of us advance initiatives that532made America more connected and more secure, initiatives that533fall squarely within the Federal Communication Commission's534jurisdiction. On technology party, she has helped us pass535legislation to improve maps. She has worked to ensure broadband536funds are directed where they are most needed and where537Congress intended them to be.538    She has brought us closer to getting more Americans539connected to high-speed internet. And of course we are not540quite where we need to be. I think she will help us in this new541position get there quicker.542    Her work has contributed to national security. She was543instrumental in advancing legislation to free our domestic544networks from communications equipment manufactured by foreign545adversaries.546    She has been a leader on Spectrum policy, an area that547bridges both technology and national security. She has548collaborated with members and staff across the Commerce and549Armed Services Committees to find common ground between550commercial and Federal interest. Olivia Trusty wants to help551our country maintain our leadership without risking national552security, and she has worked to make that happen.553    I could go on and on, but Olivia does like brevity. She554chooses her words carefully and concisely. Let me just say she555plays chess, not checkers. She sees around the corners. She556shoots straight and she will shoot straight with members of557this committee and the Senate. She uses common sense and558adherence to the law, and she will do so as a commissioner.559    On a personal basis, she is serious about her faith. She is560an NCAA gymnast at UNC Chapel Hill. She is a Mormon Republican561from Maryland, for heaven's sake.562    [Applause.]563    Senator Wicker. And those of us who know her know that she564will do a magnificent job. And actually we are fortunate that565she has chosen to work in the public sector for the taxpayers,566and I could not give a more resounding endorsement to her567nomination.568    Thank you, Mr. Chairman.569    The Chairman. Well, I will say that it is very impressive,570particularly that she plays chess, and not checkers and shoots571straight, I will say shooting is a novel strategy in chess, but572whatever works and gives you the checkmate. There is more than573one way to defeat the king.574    And with that, I recognize the junior senator from Montana,575Senator Sheehy, to introduce Mr. Isaacman.576577                 STATEMENT OF HON. TIM SHEEHY,578                   U.S. SENATOR FROM MONTANA579580    Senator Sheehy. You had to put ``Junior.'' in front of it,581didn't you, Ted?582    [Applause.]583    Senator Sheehy. For nearly 70 years the United States----584    The Chairman. I am still the junior senator from Texas;585this place, that could stick around a long time.586    Senator Cantwell. I am the longest-serving junior member.587    [Laughter.]588    Senator Cantwell. So yes, 24 years you could still be the589junior member.590    [Laughter.]591    Senator Cantwell. I wear it with a badge of honor.592    [Laughing]593    Senator Sheehy. Well, thank you, Chairman and Ranking594Member. For nearly 70 years, the United States has been at the595forefront of space exploration. President Trump knows how596critical it is for our country to lead the way yet again as our597space program aims to reach new heights and that is why he598chose exactly the right man for the job, Jared Isaacman.599    I have personally known Jared for several years sharing an600aviation community in Montana and cooperating with him on601improving the education experience for our next generation of602explorers, astronauts, engineers, and pilots who attend Space603Camp at the U.S. Space and Rocket Center in Huntsville,604Alabama.605    Of note, both Jared and I attended Space Camp, an arduous6065-day program for small children, and I would say it lit a607spark in both of us to chase the dream of aviation and608aerospace. We both dreamed of being astronauts as children. The609difference is Jared actually is one, whereas I had to settle610for the decidedly less cool title of Senator.611    America has been the leader of global space travel for612generations, pushing the boundaries of science and testing613limits of human endurance and intellect. All Americans should614be deeply proud of the incredible accomplishments of heroes615like Alan Shepard, John Glenn, Neil Armstrong, Jim Lovell, and616many others.617    The sacrifice and leadership of these brave astronauts is618what most Americans know well. What they usually do not know is619that behind each and every one of these heroes, many of whom620sitting in front of us, is a massive team of dedicated621engineers, program managers, innovators, test pilots, welders,622electricians, truck drivers, and families who are the true623heroes of our space program. To lead this incredible team624requires a leader who not only understands and believes in the625mission, but also has the interdisciplinary skill sets to626coordinate these cross-functional teams to achieve critical627outcomes.628    As we have unfortunately seen in recent days, NASA is629struggling. And what is worse, it has been struggling for the630past couple of decades. Since the tragedy of the Columbia631disaster in 2003, which I remember like it was yesterday as I632was preparing to enter the pool for a high school swim meet.633NASA has been a struggling organization full of great people634searching for revival.635    For 10 years the United States of America was paying the636Russian Government taxi fare to send our own astronauts into637space. This would make JFK and Ronald Reagan turn in their638graves. And in light of the recent Starliner Mission to the ISS639that left astronauts stuck in space for 9 months, we are640reminded that much work still remains.641    President Trump, both, and Elon Musk, who is one of our642greatest space entrepreneurs, both knew it was time for a643change, and enter Jared Isaacman. Despite his childhood desire644to be an Air Force pilot and an astronaut, Jared found out that645he was smarter than most and started a disruptive software646company in his garage as a teenager. That company grew to be a647tremendous multi-billion dollar success, and that success648fueled his ascension into the Hall of Fame as a record-setting649jet pilot, an aggressive fighter pilot for our Air Force combat650pilots, and most recently, the first civilian astronaut to ever651conduct a spacewalk.652    On top of all that, Jared and I share another passion,653pediatric philanthropy. Jared has personally donated millions654of dollars to improve health care for at-risk children all over655America, a cause which brought us together.656    NASA is at a point of great pride for a generation. It657represents a moral obligation for us to continue to lead in the658greatest frontier ever known, and it deserves strong659leadership. Jared is an articulate leader, a great father and660husband, and one of the smartest people in America. Jared661understands not only how to manage complex, multi-billion662dollar organizations, but also how to design and engineer663critical systems. And to top it all off, he knows how to fly664spaceships.665    America has given us a mandate to push the boundaries of666outer space, and NASA is in need of spiritual and667organizational rejuvenation, and that will take fresh, bold668leadership. Jared is the perfect man for the job, and I look669forward to adding NASA Administrator to his already remarkable670resume.671    Thank you.672    The Chairman. Thank you. I now recognize Mr. Isaacman for673his opening statement.674675                  STATEMENT OF JARED ISAACMAN,676                  NOMINEE TO BE ADMINISTRATOR,677         NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION678679    Mr. Isaacman. Thank you, Senator Sheehy, for the very680generous introduction. Thank you Chairman Cruz, Ranking Member681Cantwell, distinguished Members of the Committee, I am honored682and very grateful to be here before you today as President683Donald Trump's nominee to lead the National Aeronautics and684Space Administration.685    I have lived the American dream, and I owe this Nation a686great debt. I would happily serve President Trump in any687capacity, but to work alongside the people that have expanded688the boundaries of exploration and brought humanity closer to689the stars would be the privilege of a lifetime.690    Before I begin, I would like to acknowledge my crewmates,691as you did earlier, Senator, along with my wife, Monica, and my692two wonderful daughters that are sitting behind me, Mila and693Liv.694    I do recognize I am a newcomer, so I thought I would share695a bit about my story, along with my understanding of the696challenges and the opportunities that lie ahead. I am an697entrepreneur, and my journey began when I took a risk and left698school at age 16 to build a company in my parents' basement.699Despite my unconventional start, I found success very early in700life and led my company into a multi-billion dollar enterprise701that employs thousands. I am a pilot with an aeronautics702degree. Over the last 20 years, I have flown over 7,000 hours703in jets and ex-military aircraft, setting world records, and704performing in air shows.705    My passion for aviation also led me to start another706company, this time a defense aerospace business. As a company,707we operated the world's largest private air force. Our job was708to fly fighter jets as adversaries, executing enemy tactics,709and training American warfighters. We managed hundreds of710millions in defense contracts and saved taxpayers billions711along the way.712    I am also an astronaut. Alongside a talented team, I led713two record-breaking missions to space. On my last mission, we714tested a new spacesuit while performing a spacewalk and orbited715farther away from Earth than any human has gone since the last716time Americans walked on the Moon. Along the way, my two717crewmates, Sarah Gillis and Anna Menon, became the women who718have journeyed farthest from Earth ever.719    I am an advocate for science. During these missions to720space, my crew and I performed approximately 50 science and721research experiments. I have also publicly supported the722Chandra X-ray Observatory and offered to fund a mission to723extend the life and capabilities of the Hubble Space Telescope.724    I care about the people back at home and our collective725future here on Earth. My space career did not burden the726taxpayers. They were privately funded and aimed at inspiring727and helping people all over the world. One example is the over728$250 million we raised to support St. Jude Children's Research729Hospital and their critical work to ensure no child dies in the730dawn of life. Alongside these efforts, I have personally731donated hundreds of millions of dollars to charitable732endeavors.733    I share all this because I am not a typical nominee for734this position. I have been relatively apolitical. I am not a735scientist. I never worked at NASA. I do not think these are736weaknesses. In fact, I believe President Trump found them to be737strengths. And if confirmed, I will bring all my experience to738the greatest adventure in human history, the quest to discover739the secrets of the universe.740    On that note, NASA is the most accomplished and respected741space Agency in the world, but for all NASA's historic742achievements, the Agency is not without challenges: Presidents743have called for a return to the Moon and a path to Mars since7441989, and well over a hundred billion has been spent without745the intended results. Most programs, new telescopes, rovers, X-746planes, entire spaceships, are over budget and behind schedule.747And this is discouraging because when people look up at the748stars and wonder what is out there, they want those answers749today and not decades down the road.750    And I know it is not lost on members of this committee that751we have geopolitical rivals moving at impressive speeds. It is752imperative for our national security, our pride, and all that753we stand to gain in exploration that we never come in second754place. If confirmed, and with the support and guidance of755President Trump and Members of Congress, we will reinvigorate a756mission-first culture at NASA with the following objectives.757    First, American astronauts will lead the way in the758ultimate high ground of space. As the President stated, we will759prioritize sending American astronauts to Mars, and along the760way we will inevitably have the capabilities to return to the761Moon and determine the scientific, economic, and national762security benefits for maintaining a presence on the lunar763surface. We will focus our technology development efforts on764the world's greatest engineering challenges, such as the765practical application of nuclear propulsion, so we can truly766unlock humankind's ability to explore among the stars.767    Second, we will ignite a thriving space economy in low768Earth orbit. By working alongside international partners and769industry, we can unlock the true economic potential of space770and deliver meaningful benefits to the American people,771potentially even charting a course for NASA to become a772financially self-sustaining Agency.773    Number three, NASA will be a force multiplier for science.774We will leverage NASA's scientific talent and capabilities to775enable academic institutions and industry to increase the rate776of world-changing discoveries. We will launch more telescopes,777more probes, more rovers, and endeavor to better understand our778planet and the universe beyond.779    If confirmed, I will work alongside and recruit the most780talented minds this Nation has to offer, and we will781concentrate our resources toward achieving the near-impossible,782the objectives that no other Agency, company, or institution is783capable of accomplishing; we will do so knowing the risks and784the ground-breaking opportunities that lie ahead, because some785risks, like exploring the worlds beyond ours, are worth taking.786    We will do this not just to expand our knowledge or787strengthen our national security, but to improve all life here788on Earth and inspire the next generation to reach even further.789This is why America needs NASA, why the world needs NASA,790because there is no more important investment than inspiring791our children to build a better and more exciting future. And792the best way NASA can do that is by delivering on our mission793and ushering in a new golden age of science and discovery. And794we will not fail.795    Thank you.796    [The prepared statement and biographical information of Mr.797Isaacman follow:]798799  Prepared Statement of Jared Isaacman, Nominee to be Administrator,800             National Aeronautics and Space Administration801    Thank you Chairman Cruz, Ranking Member Cantwell, and distinguished802members of the committee. I am honored and very grateful to be here803before you today as President Donald Trump's nominee to lead the804National Aeronautics and Space Administration. I have lived the805American dream and I owe this Nation a great debt. I would happily806serve President Trump in any capacity but to work alongside the people807that have expanded the boundaries of exploration and brought humanity808closer to the stars, would be the privilege of a lifetime.809    Before I begin, I would like to acknowledge my family--my parents,810Sandy & Don Isaacman, my wife Monica and my two wonderful daughters,811Mila and Liv.812    I do recognize, I am a newcomer so I thought I would share a bit of813my story, along with my understanding of the challenges and814opportunities ahead.815816   I am an entrepreneur and my journey began when I took a risk817        and left school at age 16 to build a company in my parent's818        basement. Despite my unconventional start, I found success very819        early in life and led my company into a multi-billion-dollar820        enterprise employing thousands.821822   I am a pilot with an aeronautics degree. Over the last 20823        years, I've flown over seven thousand hours in jets and ex-824        military aircraft, setting world records and performing in825        airshows. My passion for aviation also led me to start another826        company--this time a defense aerospace business. As a company,827        we operated the world's largest private air force. Our job was828        to fly fighter jets as adversaries, executing enemy tactics and829        training American warfighters. We managed hundreds of millions830        in defense contracts and saved taxpayers billions along the831        way.832833   I am also an astronaut. Alongside a talented team, I led two834        record-breaking missions to space. On my last mission, we835        tested a new space suit while performing a spacewalk and836        orbited farther away from Earth than any human has gone since837        the last time Americans walked on the Moon. Along the way, my838        two crewmates, Sarah Gillis and Anna Menon, became the women839        who have journeyed farthest from Earth . . . ever.840841   I am an advocate for science. During these missions to842        space, my crew & I performed approximately 50 science and843        research experiments. I have also publicly supported the844        Chandra x-Ray Observatory and offered to fund a mission to845        extend the life and capabilities of the Hubble space telescope.846847   I care about the people back at home and our collective848        future here on Earth. My space career did not burden the849        taxpayers. They were privately funded and aimed at inspiring850        and helping people all over the world. One example is the over851        $250 million we raised to support St. Jude Children's Research852        Hospital and their critical work to ensure no child dies in the853        dawn of life. Alongside these efforts, I have personally854        donated hundreds of millions to charitable endeavors.855856    I share all of this because I am not a typical nominee for this857position. I have been relatively apolitical; I am not a scientist and I858never worked at NASA. I do not think these are weaknesses. In fact, I859believe President Trump found them to be strengths. And if confirmed, I860will bring all my experience to the greatest adventure in human861history--the quest to discover the secrets of the universe.862    On that note, NASA is the most accomplished and respected space863agency in the world--but for all of NASA's historic achievements, the864agency is not without challenges:865866   Presidents have called for a return to the Moon and a path867        to Mars since 1989 and well over a hundred billion has been868        spent without the intended results.869870   Most programs--new telescopes, rovers, X-planes, or entire871        spaceships--are over budget and behind schedule.872873   This is discouraging because people look up at the stars and874        wonder what is out there today, not decades down the road.875876    And I know it is not lost on any members of this committee that we877have geopolitical rivals moving at impressive speeds. It is878imperative--for our national security, our pride, and all that we stand879to gain in space exploration--that we never come in second place.880    If confirmed, and with the support and guidance of President Trump881and members of Congress, we will reinvigorate a mission-first culture882at NASA with the following objectives:883884    First--American astronauts will lead the way in the ultimate `high885ground' of space.886    As the President stated we will prioritize sending American887astronauts to Mars. Along the way, we will inevitably have the888capabilities to return to the Moon and determine the scientific,889economic, and national security benefits of maintaining a presence on890the lunar surface. We will focus our technology development efforts on891the world's greatest engineering challenges, such as the practical892application of nuclear propulsion, so that we can truly unlock893humankind's ability to explore among the stars.894    Second--We will ignite a thriving space economy in low Earth orbit.895    By working alongside international partners and industry, we can896unlock the true economic potential of space and deliver meaningful897benefits to the American people--potentially charting a course for NASA898to become a financially self-sustaining agency.899    Third--NASA will be a force multiplier for science.900    We will leverage NASA's scientific talent and capabilities to901enable academic institutions and industry to increase the rate of902world-changing discoveries. We will launch more telescopes, more903probes, more rovers and endeavor to better understand our planet and904the universe beyond.905    If confirmed, I will work alongside & recruit the most talented906minds this Nation has to offer and we will concentrate our resources907toward achieving the near-impossible--the objectives that no other908agency, company or institution is capable of accomplishing. We will do909so knowing the risks and ground-breaking opportunities that lie ahead--910because some risks, like exploring the worlds beyond ours, are worth911taking.912    We will do this not just to expand our knowledge or strengthen our913national security, but to improve all life on Earth and inspire the914next generation to reach even further. This is why America needs NASA--915why the world needs NASA--because there is no more important investment916than inspiring our children to build a beaer, more exciting future. And917the best way NASA can do that is by delivering on our mission and918ushering in a new Golden Age of Science & Discovery--and we will not919fail.920    Thank You.921                                 ______922923                      a. biographical information924    1. Name (Include any former names or nicknames used): Jared Taylor925Isaacman.926    2. Position to which nominated: Administrator of the National927Aeronautics & Space Administration.928    3. Date of Nomination: January 20, 2025.929    4. Address (List current place of residence and office addresses):930931        Residence: Information not released to the public.932        Office: 3501 Corp Parkway, Center Valley, PA 18034.933934    5. Date and Place of Birth: Union, NJ.935    6. Provide the name, position, and place of employment for your936spouse (if married) or domestic partner, and the names and ages of your937children (including stepchildren and children by a previous marriage).938    Monica Isaacman, homemaker.939    7. List all college and graduate schools attended, whether or not940you were granted a degree by the institution. Provide the name of the941institution, the dates attended, the degree received, and the date of942the degree.943944        Embry Riddle Aeronautical University--Bachelor in Professional945        Aeronautics (2011) (February 2010-November 2011).946947    8. List all post-undergraduate employment, including the job title,948name of employer, and inclusive dates of employment, and highlight all949management-level jobs held and any non-managerial jobs that relate to950the position for which you are nominated.951952   Shift4 Payments, Founder and CEO (June 2000 to present)953954   Draken International, Co-founder and CEO (November 2011-955        April 2020)956957   Denmar, Consultant (October 2020 to present)958959    9. Attach a copy of your resume.960    See attachment.961    10. List any advisory, consultative, honorary, or other part-time962service or positions with Federal, State, or local governments, other963than those listed above after 18 years of age.964965        Honorary Commander--US Air Force Academy966967    11. List all positions held as an officer, director, trustee,968partner, proprietor, agent, representative, or consultant of any969corporation, company, firm, partnership, or other business, enterprise,970educational, or other institution.971972   Shift4 Payments, Inc.--Chairman of the Board, CEO, and973        Director, 6/2020 to present974975   Shift4 Payments, LLC (fka Harbortouch Payments, LLC and976        Lighthouse Network, LLC)--Chief Executive Officer, 3/2014 to977        present978979   Shift4 Subsidiaries980981     C.C. Productions, LLC--President and CEO, 12/2022 to982            present983984     CFC & FP Enterprises, LLC--President and CEO, 12/2022985            to present986987     Credorax (USA) LLC--Authorized Person to sign entity988            documents for filing, checks, notes in connection with bank989            accounts, facilities or services per Operating Agreement,990            12/2023 to present991992     Pinnacle Hospitality Systems, LLC--President and CEO,993            7/2022 to present994995     POSITOUCH, LLC--Chief Executive Officer, 10/2017 to996            present997998     POSTEC, LLC--Chief Executive Officer 12/2021 to999            present10001001     Revel Systems, Inc.--President and sole Director, 6/1002            2024 to present10031004     SIDFT4 CORPORATION--President and CEO and sole1005            Director, 11/2017 to present10061007     Shift4 Payments Finance Sub, Inc.--President and1008            Director, 10/2020 to present10091010     Shift4Shop, LLC--Chief Executive Officer, 11/2020 to1011            present10121013     The Giving Block Holdings, LLC--Chief Executive1014            Officer, 2/2022 to present10151016     Micros Retail Systems, LLC--Chief Executive Officer,1017            10/2020 to present10181019     Venuenext, Inc--President, 4/21 to present10201021     Shift4 Shop, LLC (formerly 3dcart, LLC)--Chief1022            Executive Officer, 11/2020 to present10231024     S4-ML Holdings, LLC--Chief Executive Officer, 8/20191025            to present10261027     MSI Merchant Services Holdings, LLC--Chief Executive1028            Officer, 3/2014-12/202110291030     Restaurant Manager, LLC--Chief Executive Officer, 8/1031            2017-12/202110321033     Positouch, LLC--Chief Executive Officer, 10/2017-12/1034            202110351036     Future POS, LLC--Chief Executive Officer, 10/2017-12/1037            202110381039     Harbortouch Financial, LLC--Chief Executive Officer,1040            1/2011-12/202110411042   Draken International, LLC--Chief Executive Officer, 11/2011-1043        4/2020; Director/Manager, 11/2011-10/202010441045   26 North Aviation, Inc.--Director, 1/2007 to present10461047   Rook Holdings, Inc--Director, President, Treasurer,1048        Secretary, 3/2014 to present10491050   Rook Aviation Holdings, LLC--Member and President, 1/2019 to1051        present10521053   Rook Investments, LLC--Member and President, 7/2019 to1054        present10551056   Black Diamond Jet HoldCo, Inc--President, CEO, and Director,1057        3/2019 to present10581059   Black Diamond Jet Holdings, LLC--President, CEO, and1060        Manager, 12/2019 to present10611062   JDI Holdings LLC--Member and President, 12/2005 to present10631064   Xenomorph, LLC (Dissolved)--Managing Member, 2/2021-2/202310651066   Bone Horse Marine, LLC--Managing Member, 7/2021 to present10671068   Bone Horse, LLC--Managing Member, 4/2019-12/202410691070   Bone Horse Hangars, LLC--Manager and Member, 7/2021 to1071        present10721073   RookX, LLC--Managing Member, 1/2021 to present10741075   Rook Public Strategies, LLC--Managing Member, 7/2021-12/202410761077   PolarisX, LLC--Managing Member, 12/2022-12/202410781079   Rook SPV I, LLC--President, Secretary, Treasurer, 3/2021 to1080        present10811082   Rook SPV II, LLC--President, Secretary, Treasurer, 8/2021 to1083        present10841085   Rook SPV III, LLC--President, Secretary, Treasurer, 12/20221086        to present10871088   Rook SPV IV, LLC--President, Secretary, Treasurer, 3/2023 to1089        present10901091   Rook Space Investments, LLC--President, Treasurer,1092        Secretary, 2/2021 to present10931094    12. List all memberships you have had after 18 years of age or1095currently hold with any civic, social, charitable, educational,1096political, professional, fraternal, benevolent or religiously1097affiliated organization, private club, or other membership organization1098(You do not have to list your religious affiliation or membership in a1099religious house of worship or institution). Include dates of membership1100and any positions you have held with any organization. Please note1101whether any such club or organization restricts membership on the basis1102of sex, race, color, religion, national origin, age, or disability.11031104   Business Executives for National Security11051106   Association of Space Explorers11071108   Experimental Aircraft Association11091110   Aircraft Owners Pilot Association11111112   International Council of Air Shows11131114   CNBC CEO Council11151116    These organizations do not restrict membership on the basis of sex,1117race, color, religion, national origin, age, or disability.1118    13. Have you ever been a candidate for and/or held a public office1119(elected, non-elected, or appointed)? If so, indicate whether any1120campaign has any outstanding debt the amount, and whether you are1121personally liable for that debt. No.1122    14. List all memberships and offices held with and services1123rendered to, whether compensated or not, any political party or1124election committee within the past ten years. If you have held a paid1125position or served in a formal or official advisory position (whether1126compensated or not) in a political campaign within the past ten years,1127identify the particulars of the campaign, including the candidate, year1128of the campaign, and your title and responsibilities. None.1129    15. Itemize all political contributions to any individual, campaign1130organization, political party, political action committee, or similar1131entity of$200 or more for the past ten years.1132    See attachment.1133    16. List all scholarships, fellowships, honorary degrees, honorary1134society memberships, military medals, and any other special recognition1135for outstanding service or achievements.11361137   Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Honorary Doctorate11381139   Foreign Policy Research Institute, Ben Franklin Award11401141   United States Air Force Academy, Honorary Commander11421143   FAA, Commercial Astronaut Wings11441145   National Business Aviation Association, Meritorious Service1146        to Aviation Award11471148   Ernst & Young, EY Entrepreneur of the Year11491150   National Space Society, NSS Space Pioneer Award for1151        Entrepreneurship11521153   UP Partners, UP Inspiration Award11541155   Living Legends of Aviation, Dr. Buzz Aldrin Space1156        Advancement Award; Eren Ozmen Entrepreneur of the Year Award;1157        Induction to Living Legends of Aviation11581159   Space Force Association, Advancing Human Presence in the1160        Space Domain Award11611162   EarthLight Foundation, Space Cowboy Award11631164   Global Lithuanian Leaders, The Laureate of Global Lithuanian1165        Award 202111661167   Space Camp, Hall of Fame11681169   Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Eagle of Excellence1170        Award11711172   AOPA Hoover Trophy11731174   Everyday Astronaut Astro Awards, Most Inspiring, Most1175        Innovative and Important Mission of 2024 Award11761177   St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Michael F. Tamer1178        Award11791180   American Astronautical Society, Neil Armstrong Space Flight1181        Achievement Award11821183   Aim Higher Gala, Inspiration Award11841185   Commercial Spaceflight Federation. Commercial Space Business1186        & Finance Award11871188   Vladimir Komarov Diploma, FAI Astronautic Records Commission11891190   NAA/FAI, Numerous NAA/FAI World Records in Aviation and1191        Space11921193   Electronic Transactions Association, 40 Under 4011941195   Inc 500, 30 Under 3011961197   Air Force Association, John R. Alison Award11981199   Governor Rick Scott, FL, Draken International recognized for1200        local job growth12011202    17. List all books, articles, columns, letters to the editor,1203Internet blog postings, or other publications you have authored,1204individually or with others. Include a link to each publication when1205possible. If a link is not available, provide a digital copy of the1206publication when available.1207    Not applicable.1208    18. List all speeches, panel discussions, and presentations (e.g.,1209PowerPoint) that you have given on topics relevant to the position for1210which you have been nominated. Include a link to each publication when1211possible. If a link is not available, provide a digital copy of the1212speech or presentation when available.12131214   Speech, Commencement Address at Embry-Riddle's Fall 20241215        Undergraduate Commencement Ceremony, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical1216        University, Decem-1217        ber 12, 2024. See the university's press release here, http://1218        news.erau.edu/1219        headlines/jared-isaacman-inspires-emb1y-riddle-grads-to-pursue-1220        moonshots#:1221        :text=%E2%80%9Clt%27s%20you%20who%20wil1%20make,Center%20in%201222        Daytona%20Beach%2C%20Florida., and a video of the address here,1223        https://1224        www.youtube.com/watch?v=BjyyGjeYrKO.12251226   Fireside Chat, Space Force Power Conference, United States1227        Space Force, December 10, 2024. A recording of the event is1228        available here: https://www1229        .youtube.com/watch?v=CdaqX3AMxy812301231   Panelist, Astronaut Reunion, Association of Space Explorers,1232        December 5, 2024.12331234   Fireside Chat, Polaris Dawn Event, UC Davis for Spaceflight1235        Research, November 22, 2024.12361237   Fireside Chat, Beyond Earth Symposium, Beyond Earth1238        Institute, November 13, 2024. A recording of the event is1239        available here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0pZ1H4WjnVU12401241   Fireside Chat, Foreign Policy Research Institute's 18th1242        Annual Benjamin Franklin Award for Public Service, Foreign1243        Policy Research Institute, November 13, 2024.12441245   Panelist, Planetary Congress, Association of Space1246        Explorers, October 3, 2024.12471248   Panelist, Up.Summit, UP.Partners, September 30, 2024.12491250   Fireside Chat, Polaris Dawn Mission Briefing, Polaris Dawn,1251        August 19, 2024. A recording of the event is available here:1252        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rGtzDmwfkCY.12531254   Fireside Chat, X Takeover, Tesla Owners of Silicon Valley,1255        July, 28, 2024. A recording of the event is available here:1256        https://www.facebook.com/tesla1257        siliconvalley/videos/full-interview-with-jared-isaacman-shares-1258        the-ground-breaking-work-with-polaris-/8703988886355087/.12591260   Fireside Chat, Commercial Spaceflight Transportation1261        Conference Washington, DC, Commercial Space Federation,1262        February, 21, 2024.12631264   Fireside Chat, ICR Conference, ICR, January 8, 2024.12651266   Fireside Chat, Space Force Power Conference, United States1267        Space Force, December 13, 2023.12681269   Fireside Chat, LiveWIRED, WIRED, November 5, 2023. A1270        recording of the event is available here: http://www.wired.com/1271        video/watch/lets-die-on-mars12721273   Fireside Chat, Space Cowboy Ball, EarthLight Foundation,1274        November 18, 2023.12751276   Fireside Chat, NBAA Annual Conference, NBAA, October 17,1277        2023.12781279   Panelist, EAA Aviation Museum Space Day Event, October 7,1280        2023.12811282   Panelist, Disrupt Conference, TechCrunch, September 19,1283        2023.12841285   Fireside Chat, International Space Development Conference,1286        National Space Society, May 25, 2023.12871288   Fireside Chat, National Character and Leadership Symposium1289        (NCLS), United States Air Force Academy, February 23, 2023.12901291   Fireside Chat, SpaceCom 2023--Accelerating the Global1292        Business of Space, SpaceCom, February 23, 2023.12931294   Fireside Chat, Space Force Culture Coalition, United States1295        Space Force, February 21, 2023.12961297   Fireside Chat, BENS Virtual Discussion on Polaris Dawn with1298        NY Metro Member Jared Isaacman, BENS, February 21, 2023.12991300   Acceptance Speech, Living Legends of Aviation, Kitty Hawk1301        Air Academy, January 20, 2023.13021303   Panelists, UP.Summit, UP.Partners, June 7, 2022.13041305   Fireside Chat, LOGIN '22, LOGIN, June 3, 2022.13061307   Speech, Commencement Address at Embry-Riddle's 2022 Spring1308        Commencement, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, May 14,1309        2022.13101311   Presenter, Easterseals Advocacy Awards, Easterseals April1312        12, 2022. A recording of the event is available here: https://1313        www.youtube.com/watch?v1314        =ehpBgLMJU7s.13151316   Fireside Chat, Agilysys User Conference, Agilysys, March 1,1317        2022.13181319   Acceptance Speech, Living Legends of Aviation, Kitty Hawk1320        Air Academy, January 21, 2022.13211322   Fireside Chat, Annual CNBC Technology Executive Council1323        Summit, CNBC, November 17, 2021.13241325   Panelist, ASCEND, The American Institute of Aeronautics and1326        Astronautics, November, 15, 2021. A recording of the event is1327        available here: https://youtube/VjHzpOqu5iU13281329    19. List all public statements you have made during the past ten1330years, including statements in news articles and radio and podcasts and1331television appearances, which are on topics relevant to the position1332for which you have been nominated, including dates. Include a link to1333each statement when possible. If a link is not available, provide a1334digital copy of the statement when available.1335    See attached.1336    20. List all digital platforms (including social media and other1337digital content sites) on which you currently or have formerly operated1338an account, regardless of whether or not the account was held in your1339name or an alias. Include the full name of an ``alias'' or ``handle'',1340including the complete URL and username with hyperlinks, you have used1341on each of the named platforms. Indicate whether the account is active,1342deleted, or dormant. Include a link to each account if possible.13431344   X/Twitter: @rookisaacman, https://x.com/rookisaacman13451346   Instagram: rookisaacman, https://www.instagram.com/1347        rookisaacman/13481349   Shift4 personnel previously created a Linkedin account for1350        me, but I never used it, and it has been deleted.13511352    21. Please identify each instance in which you have testified1353orally or in writing before Congress in a governmental or non-1354governmental capacity and specify the date, committee, and subject1355matter of each testimony.1356    None.1357    22. Given the current mission, major programs, and major1358operational objectives of the department/agency/commission/corporation1359to which you have been nominated, what in your background or employment1360experience do you believe affirmatively qualifies you for appointment1361to the position for which you have been nominated, and why do you wish1362to serve in that position?1363    I believe many aspects of my background make me qualified to serve1364as NASA Administrator, and it would be an immense honor to do so. My1365education, experience as a pilot, time as a commercial astronaut, and1366work as an entrepreneur together reflect my life-long passions of1367aviation and spaceflight. Throughout my various endeavors, I have had1368the opportunity to work with the government as a partner in the private1369sector. This has provided me with unique insights into how we can1370improve and innovate NASA's operations. I am committed to NASA's quest1371to explore space, innovate for humanity, and inspire our Nation through1372discovery.1373    As a student, I attended the Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University1374where I graduated with a bachelor's degree in professional aeronautics.1375    As a pilot, I have more than 7,700 hours of jet pilot experience1376and the highest FAA ratings, which include my Airline Transport Pilot1377certificate with experimental type ratings to operate ex-military1378aircraft.1379    As a commercial astronaut, I have spent the last four years helping1380plan, develop, train, and execute two commercial space missions through1381the Polaris Program. My crew and I flew farther into space than any1382other human has since Apollo 17-more than 50 years ago. Aspects of our1383missions reflect the exciting future of space, such as the testing of1384new spacesuits during our spacewalk and the use of laser communications1385to send a message to the world. These efforts renewed excitement about1386what the future holds for America as a spacefaring Nation, but we also1387remained dedicated to addressing the hardships and challenges of the1388world we live in today. In the course of the Polaris missions, we1389raised over $250 million for St. Jude Childrens Research hospital, of1390which I have contributed more than $125 million directly. My experience1391as an astronaut and leader for two missions has also given me a1392profound understanding of the coordination required between NASA,1393commercial partners, other government agencies, and outside1394collaborators to achieve mission success.1395    As an entrepreneur, I have also created a career in business that1396is directly related to managing a large agency and advancing American1397aeronautical interests and innovation. I co-founded the world's largest1398private air force, Draken International, to train pilots for the United1399States Armed Forces and its allies. This defense aerospace business,1400involving high performance military aircraft, saved taxpayers hundreds1401of millions and enhanced the training of our military warfighters. I am1402also the founder and CEO of Shift4 Payments, an innovative payment1403processor company, which I started in my parents basement when I was 161404years old. Throughout my long business career, I have run my companies1405efficiently, responsibly, and with thousands of employees.1406    I hope to have the opportunity to advance the President's goal for1407America to lead in space, science, technology, and exploration as NASA1408Administrator.1409    23. What do you believe are your responsibilities, if confirmed, to1410ensure that the department/agency/commission/corporation has proper1411management and accounting controls, and what experience do you have in1412managing a large organization?1413    It is imperative that the Administrator of NASA manages the agency1414responsibly and efficiently to ensure its organizational resources are1415dedicated to consistently moving the ball forward and advancing our1416national interests.1417    As the founder and CEO of two large companies, I am responsible for1418overseeing large budgets and have navigated complex logistics matters1419on a daily basis. As the founder and CEO of an aerospace defense1420contractor under government oversight, and a public company listed on1421the New York Stock Exchange, I also understand the importance of1422leading large organizations responsibly with proper governance and1423accounting controls.1424    24. What do you believe to be the top three challenges facing the1425department/agency/commission/corporation, and why?1426    NASA is the most respected and accomplished space agency in the1427world. The NASA logo inspires Americans and people the world over to1428dream of what the future may hold. However, the agency has faced1429significant challenges over the years that have impeded the mission.14301431  1.  NASA has been unable to return to the Moon or have an achievable1432        path to Mars, despite plans to do so as far back as President1433        George H.W. Bush's Administration in 1989.14341435  2.  The pace of world changing discoveries has slowed with flagship1436        missions consistently billions over budget and behind schedule.14371438  3.  The space economy has yet to be revealed. For over 60 years, the1439        space economy has had the same customers (governments) looking1440        for the same capabilities (communications and observation).14411442    I believe the challenges stem from:14431444   A distracting number of priorities that are not fully1445        aligned with the NASA mission.14461447   An organizational structure and policies that fuel1448        bureaucracy and throttle progress.14491450   A culture that needs to be reinvigorated to make better use1451        of capable commercial industry and to win against geopolitical1452        rivals that are quickly threatening the ever expanding ``high1453        ground''. If we do not lead, we follow, and if we follow, we1454        may never catch-up.14551456    I am committed to working tirelessly alongside some of the1457brightest minds in the Nation to solve the problems and return NASA's1458focus to executing on the mission.1459                   b. potential conflicts of interest1460    1. Describe all financial arrangements, deferred compensation1461agreements, and other continuing dealings with business associates,1462clients, or customers. Please include information related to retirement1463accounts, such as a 40l(k) or pension plan.1464    My employment agreements and arrangements are described on my Form1465278e Public Financial Disclosure Report, which I am working on with the1466Office of Government Ethics (OGE) and NASA ethics officials. That form1467will disclose the following agreements and arrangements:14681469  1)  A corporation I own has a Tax Receivable Agreement (TRA) with1470        Shift4 Payments, Inc. Under the TRA, Shift4 Payments, Inc.1471        agrees to make payments to the historic equity owners in an1472        amount equal to a percentage of the benefit the corporation1473        derives from certain specific tax attributes, if, as and when1474        realized Prior to the IPO of Shift4 in 2020, the company1475        operated as a partnership for U.S. Tax purposes. Upon the IPO,1476        an umbrella partnership--C-Corporation structure was1477        established. The operating partnership (Shift4 Payments, LLC)1478        will be modified by reclassifying my interests as an original1479        owner into a new class of interest that is exchangeable for1480        Shift4 common stock (Class A). The TRA requires Shift4 to share1481        tax savings with the original partners.14821483  2)  Pursuant to my employment agreement with Shift4 Payments, LLC,1484        for 36 months after resignation, I will be eligible for health1485        insurance benefits and other reimbursed expenses for fees in1486        connection with former employment/ownership. I do not1487        anticipate participating in or accepting such benefits.14881489  3)  In February 2025, I anticipate receiving an annual RSU award from1490        Shift4 Payments, Inc. for the 2024 calendar year. RSU grant1491        levels for the Chief Executive Officer are decided in1492        conjunction with the Company's year-end compensation decisions1493        based on individual and Company performance from the prior1494        fiscal year.14951496    2. Do you have any commitments or agreements, formal or informal,1497to maintain employment, affiliation, or practice with any business,1498association, or other organization during your appointment? If so,1499please explain.1500    An entity I own holds agreements with Space Exploration1501Technologies Corp. (SpaceX). These include agreements related to two1502future space flight missions in the Polaris Program. There are three1503space flight service agreements related to different missions in the1504Polaris Program.1505    I am currently working with OGE and NASA ethics officials on1506addressing these contracts from an ethics and conflicts perspective. I1507am committed to working with OGE to identify an appropriate way to1508avoid conflicts of interest related to these contracts and work toward1509a resolution that, if necessary, will be fully described in my Ethics1510Agreement letter.1511    3. Indicate any investments, obligations, liabilities, or other1512relationships which could involve potential conflicts of interest in1513the position to which you have been nominated. Explain how you will1514resolve each potential conflict of interest.1515    I have equity interest in Shift4 Payments, Inc., a payments company1516that predominantly serves restaurants, hotels, sports stadiums and1517theme parks. Shift4 processes some of the payments for SpaceX Starlink1518Internet service, but this represents less than \1/2\ of a percent of1519the company's revenue. I intend to resign from my positions and will1520continue to work with OGE and NASA ethics officials on how to handle my1521interest in Shift4.1522    I own ex-military aircraft that are occasionally used in a charter1523or lease arrangement by U.S. Government test pilot schools and for R&D1524testing.1525    My separate involvement in contracts with SpaceX is described in1526the previous question.1527    In all of these matters, I am working with OGE and NASA ethics1528officials to identify and resolve conflicts in the appropriate time1529frame. We are working toward an Ethics Agreement letter that will1530contain my commitments to resolve existing conflicts. As Administrator,1531I would be committed to full transparency on these issues and I would1532work closely with the agency's ethics staff and OGE to resolve any1533potential conflicts that should arise during my tenure.1534    4. Describe any business relationship, dealing, or financial1535transaction which you have had during the last ten years, whether for1536yourself, on behalf of a client, or acting as an agent, that could in1537any way constitute or result in a possible conflict of interest in the1538position to which you have been nominated. Explain how you will resolve1539each potential conflict of interest.1540    My involvement in contracts with SpaceX is described in the1541previous questions. As noted above, I am working with OGE and NASA1542ethics officials to identify and resolve conflicts in the appropriate1543time frame. As Administrator, I would be committed to full transparency1544on these issues and I would work closely with the agency's ethics staff1545and OGE to resolve any potential conflicts that should arise during my1546tenure.1547    5. Identify any other potential conflicts of interest and explain1548how you will resolve each potential conflict of interest. None.1549    6. Describe any activity during the past ten years, including the1550names of clients represented, in which you have been engaged for the1551purpose of directly or indirectly influencing the passage, defeat, or1552modification of any legislation or affecting the administration and1553execution of law or public policy. None.1554                            c. legal matters1555    1. Have you ever been disciplined or cited for a breach of ethics,1556professional misconduct, or retaliation by, or been the subject of a1557complaint to, any court, administrative agency, the Office of Special1558Counsel, an Inspector General, professional association, disciplinary1559committee, or other professional group? No.1560    If yes:15611562  a.  Provide the name ofthe court, agency, association, committee, or1563        group;15641565  b.  Provide the date the citation, disciplinary action, complaint, or1566        personnel action was issued or initiated;15671568  c.  Describe the citation, disciplinary action, complaint, or1569        personnel action;15701571  d.  Provide the results of the citation, disciplinary action,1572        complaint, or personnel action.15731574    2. Have you ever been investigated, arrested, charged, or held by1575any Federal, State, or other law enforcement authority of any Federal,1576State, county, municipal, or foreign government entity, other than for1577a minor traffic offense? If so, please explain.1578    Yes, in February 2010, when returning from a trip to watch the1579Olympics in Vancouver, I was detained by U.S. Customs and Border1580Protection on a warrant related to a charge for ``drawing and passing1581checks without sufficient funds,'' based on a dispute with the Palms1582Casino Resort in Las Vegas over a travel reimbursement that the resort1583promised and subsequently failed to honor. The dispute arose the month1584prior, and I was under the impression the matter was resolved. I was1585not aware that law enforcement was involved in the matter. As a result,1586I was very surprised when CBP took action. However, the matter was1587resolved in less than 24 hours and the charges were dismissed.1588    I did then and still now disagree with the other party's handling1589of the matter. I considered civil action against the resort, but opted1590against it to avoid any further headache.1591    Following this incident, the Nevada district court sealed all1592records associated with this incident, stating, ``All proceedings1593recounted in the sealed records are deemed never to have occurred.''1594Although it remains sealed, in the interest of full transparency, I1595have disclosed it here for the Committee's awareness.1596    3. Have you or any business or nonprofit of which you are or were1597an officer ever been involved as a party in an administrative agency1598proceeding, criminal proceeding, or civil litigation? If so, please1599explain.1600    Shift4, the company of which I am currently CEO, and its1601predecessors and subsidiaries have collectively been in business for1602over 25 years. The company, which is publicly traded on the NYSE, is1603infrequently party to lawsuits filed by and against the company. Please1604see attached for PACER listings of litigation involving Shift4, as well1605as its predecessors Harbortouch Payments, LLC, and United Bank Card,1606Inc. Also attached are PACER listings of litigation involving Draken1607International, the company which I co-founded and for which was1608previously CEO, but with which I am no longer affiliated. Also attached1609is a PACER listing of litigation involving me individually.1610    To the extent the Committee would like additional information on1611matters listed in the PACER attachments, such as a summary of1612litigation involving Shift4 over a certain time period, please do not1613hesitate to ask.1614    With respect to agency proceedings, Shift4 recently settled a1615matter with the SEC involving allegations that the company failed to1616disclose on its annual 10-K forms and/or its proxy statements for FY16172020 through FY 2022 related person transactions for a total of three1618individuals. This settlement began with outreach from the SEC1619requesting that Shift4 voluntarily provide documents and information1620regarding related persons transactions involving immediate family1621members of Shift4's officers and directors. Shift4 cooperated with the1622inquiry, in the course of which we learned that three individuals'1623names and compensations were inadvertently left off of SEC-required1624reports and disclosures. Those disclosures were made as of April of1625last year.1626    Shift4 offered to pay $750,000 to settle the claim. For reference,1627$750,000 is about 0.03 percent of Shift4's annual revenue for 2023. The1628settlement order, which states, ``In determining to accept the Offer,1629the [SEC] considered remedial acts promptly undertaken by [Shift4],1630including making disclosures and improvements to policies and1631procedures concerning related person transactions, as well as1632cooperation afforded the Commission staff,'' is available on the SEC's1633website here: https://www.sec.gov/files/litigation/adrnin/2025/34-1634102146.pdf. SEC Order1635 11.1636    4. Have you ever been convicted (including pleas of guilty or no/o1637contendere) of any criminal violation other than a minor traffic1638offense? If so, please explain. No.1639    5. Have you ever been accused, formally or informally, of sexual1640assault, sexual harassment, or discrimination on the basis of sex,1641race, religion, or any other basis? If so, please explain. No.1642    6. Please advise the Committee of any additional information,1643favorable or unfavorable, which you feel should be disclosed in1644connection with your nomination.1645    I am a devoted philanthropist and have demonstrated a large1646financial commitment to various causes throughout my life. Below are1647details regarding the contributions of $50,000 or greater I have1648donated to 501(c)(3) organizations in my personal capacity:16491650   St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (2021, 2022, 2023):1651        $123,351,92816521653   Renaissance Charitable Foundation, Inc. (2022, 2023, 2024):1654        $13,150,24716551656   U.S. Space & Rocket Center Education Foundation (2022, 2023,1657        2024): $11,352,87916581659   Naval Aviation Museum Foundation, Inc. (2021): $5,533,45616601661   St. Luke's Health Network, Inc. (2023, 2024): $4,776,90816621663   Lehigh Valley Zoo (2024): $1,000,00016641665   Edward Charles Foundation (2021, 2022): $650,00016661667   Davinci Science Center (2022): $571,46716681669   Baylor College of Medicine (2022): $516,18116701671   House of Hope Foundation for Kids with Cancer (2023):1672        $500,00016731674   Space Force Historical Foundation (2024): $500,00016751676   California Institute of Technology (2025): $500,00016771678   Global Citizen (3-Year Pledge beginning in 2023) (2023,1679        2024): $500,00016801681   Kiddie Hawk (5-Year Pledge beginning in 2023) (2023, 2024):1682        $200,00016831684   Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (2023): $150,00016851686   Los Angeles Dodgers Foundation (2024): $126,68316871688   Ukraine House DC Foundation (2022): $100,00016891690   Business Executives for National Security (2023): $80,00016911692   El Sistema USA (2023): $75,00016931694   The Mars Generation (2021): $50,00016951696   Earthlight Foundation (2023): $50,0001697                     d. relationship with committee1698    1. Will you ensure that your department/agency/commission/1699corporation complies with deadlines for information set by1700congressional committees, and that your department/agency/commission/1701corporation endeavors to timely comply with requests for information1702from individual Members of Congress, including requests from members in1703the minority? Yes.1704    2. Will you ensure that your department/agency/commission/1705corporation does whatever it can to protect congressional witnesses and1706whistleblowers from reprisal for their testimony and disclosures? Yes.1707    3. Will you cooperate in providing the Committee with requested1708witnesses, including technical experts and career employees, with1709firsthand knowledge of matters of interest to the Committee? Yes.1710    4. Are you willing to appear and testify before any duly1711constituted committee of the Congress on such occasions as you may be1712reasonably requested to do so? Yes.1713                                 ______17141715                [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]1716                                 ______17171718                   Jared Isaacman--Part A Question 1517191720                                      POLITICAL CONTRIBUTIONS 2015-PRESENT1721                                               (through 2/3/2025)1722----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1723    Jared Isaacman (Federal)         Date           Amount                            Notes1724----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1725TRUMP VANCE INAUGURAL             11/27/2024     $2,000,000.001726 COMMITTEE, INC.1727WHITESIDES VICTORY FUND           10/29/2024         $5,000.00  JFC contribution: allocated by JFC to California1728                                                                 Democratic Party (see below)1729(CALIFORNIA DEMOCRATIC PARTY)     10/29/2024         $5,000.001730DSCC                              10/23/2024        $41,300.001731MONTANANS FOR TESTER               10/1/2024         $3,300.001732MICHIGAN DEMOCRATIC STATE           8/1/2024        $10,000.001733 CENTRAL COMMITTEE1734MITTEN PAC                          8/1/2024         $5,000.001735ELISSA SLOTKIN FOR MICHIGAN        7/29/2024         $3,300.001736ELISSA SLOTKIN FOR MICHIGAN        7/29/2024         $3,300.001737CASEY KEYSTONE VICTORY FUND        7/17/2024        $15,400.00  JFC contribution: allocated by JFC to1738                                                                 Pennsylvania Democratic Party, Bob Casey for1739                                                                 Senate, Inc., and Keystone America PAC (see1740                                                                 below)1741(KEYSTONE AMERICA PAC)             7/22/2024         $2,100.001742(BOB CASEY FOR SENATE INC)         7/22/2024         $3,300.001743(PENNSYLVANIA DEMOCRATIC PARTY)    7/22/2024        $10,000.001744GEORGE WHITESIDES FOR CONGRESS     2/20/2023         $3,300.001745GEORGE WHITESIDES FOR CONGRESS     2/20/2023         $3,300.001746MARK KELLY FOR SENATE              10/1/2022         $2,900.00  In-Kind Contribution--Fundraising Event Catering1747DSCC                               7/11/2022        $26,500.001748DSCC                               7/11/2022        $23,500.00  Recount Account1749MONTANANS FOR TESTER               3/31/2022         $2,900.001750BOB CASEY FOR SENATE INC           3/30/2022         $2,900.00  ................................................1751SHAHEEN FOR SENATE                 3/30/2022         $2,900.001752DSCC                               3/29/2022        $10,000.001753FRIENDS OF MARK WARNER             3/29/2022           $900.001754FRIENDS OF MARK WARNER             11/2/2021         $2,000.001755SMP                               10/28/2021       $100,000.001756SUSAN WILD FOR CONGRESS           10/24/2021         $2,900.001757SUSAN WILD FOR CONGRESS           10/20/2021         $2,900.001758IMPACT                            10/20/2021        $10,000.00  $5,000 refunded on 11/2/20211759FRIENDS OF SCHUMER                10/20/2021         $2,900.001760FRIENDS OF SCHUMER                10/20/2021         $2,900.001761MARK KELLY FOR SENATE               7/3/2021         $2,900.001762FRIENDS OF DENNIS ROSS             11/8/2016           $500.001763FRIENDS OF DAVID JOLLY             10/7/2015         $1,000.001764GRAVES FOR CONGRESS                3/31/2015         $1,500.001765----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17661767----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1768 Jared Isaacman (State & Local)      Date           Amount                            Notes1769----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1770JOSH SHAPIRO FOR GOVERNOR           3/2/2022           $50,0001771----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17721773                   Jared Isaacman--Part A Question 1917741775               [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]1776                                 ______17771778               [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]1779                                 ______17801781               [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]1782                                 ______17831784               [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]1785                                 ______17861787               [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]1788                                 ______17891790               [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]1791                                 ______17921793               [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]1794                                 ______17951796               [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]1797                                 ______17981799               [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]1800                                 ______18011802               [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]1803                                 ______18041805               [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]1806                                 ______18071808               [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]1809                                 ______18101811               [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]1812                                 ______18131814               [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]1815                                 ______18161817               [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]1818                                 ______18191820               [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]1821                                 ______18221823               [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]1824                                 ______18251826               [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]1827                                 ______18281829               [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]1830                                 ______18311832            Jared Isaacman--Part C Question 3--PACER--Draken18331834[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]1835                                 ______18361837       Jared Isaacman--Part C Question 3--PACER--United Bank Card18381839[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]1840                                 ______18411842[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]1843                                 ______18441845            Jared Isaacman--Part C Question 3--PACER--Shift418461847[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]1848                                 ______18491850[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]1851                                 ______18521853         Jared Isaacman--Part C Question 3--PACER--Harbortouch18541855[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]1856                                 ______18571858[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]1859                                 ______18601861       Jared Isaacman--Part C Question 3--PACER--Isaacman, Jared18621863[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]18641865    The Chairman. Thank you.1866    Ms. Trusty.18671868  STATEMENT OF OLIVIA TRUSTY, NOMINEE TO BE A MEMBER, FEDERAL1869                   COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION18701871    Ms. Trusty. Thank you. Chairman Cruz, Ranking Member1872Cantwell, members of the Committee, thank you for convening1873this hearing.1874    Senator Wicker, thank you so much for your very kind1875introduction. It has been a privilege to work with you on your1876staff for nearly 8 years, serving the people of Mississippi and1877all Americans. Thank you so much for this opportunity.1878    I also thank President Trump for the incredible honor of1879this nomination to be a Commissioner at the Federal1880Communications Commission.1881    And last but not least, I thank my family for their love1882and support. And I will briefly introduce those here today and1883watching via webcast: My parents, Terry and Ellen Trusty; my1884sisters Lauren, Jennifer, Angela, Elizabeth, and Caroline, and1885my brother TJ; my brothers and sister-in-law, Thomas1886Ventimiglia, Matthew Burton, Saula Fifita, and Nain Trusty; and1887my precious nieces and nephews, Sofia, Thomas, and Julian1888Ventimiglia, Ella, Jack, Caroline Kay, and Henry Burton, and1889Isabelle, Summer, Ellen, and Lana Trusty. I love you all so1890very much.1891    Growing up in a large family with five sisters and one1892brother, I was taught early on about the value of service.1893Through my parents' daily actions, they emphasized the1894importance of helping others, whether through small acts or1895larger commitments. As I have grown older, I have credited my1896parents' example to the example set by my paternal and maternal1897grandfathers, George Preston Trusty Sr., and Ernest DeWitt1898Powell Jr., both of whom served our country in World War II and1899the Korean War, respectively. Although my grandfathers came1900from different backgrounds, they shared a common commitment to1901defending this country and protecting the values we all hold1902dear.1903    What brings me here today is my desire to continue the1904shared commitment to public service and love of country that1905has been in my family for generations.1906    When I first moved to Washington, D.C., nearly 20 years1907ago, after graduating from the University of North Carolina at1908Chapel Hill, I began my career in the public policy office of a1909telecommunications company. This is where I was introduced to1910Universal Service principles and the critical mission of the1911FCC. During that time, I saw firsthand how access to modern1912communication services, particularly for Americans living in1913rural and remote areas could change lives.1914    I also learned the value of a simple Internet connection,1915it not only gives communities the ability to stay connected1916with loved ones, but it opens the door to education, jobs,1917economic opportunities, and so much more. Indeed, it allows1918Americans to participate fully in society and an ever-expanding1919global digital economy. Following my time in the private1920sector, I have had the opportunity to work in the House of1921Representatives and in this hallowed chamber on1922telecommunications, technology, consumer protection, and most1923recently, national security.1924    All of these policy areas are core to the FCC's mission to1925make available affordable, high-speed, reliable, and secure1926communication services.1927    Now, in carrying out this mission, it is not lost on me1928that the problem set facing the Commission is both vast and1929diverse. The Agency must contend with unforgiving geographic1930landscapes to achieve universal connectivity. It must stay1931ahead of sophisticated illegal robocallers defrauding and1932scamming vulnerable populations like our youth and seniors. It1933must work with Federal partners to defend the security of our1934communications networks from the attacks of nation-state1935actors, and it must work collaboratively with private and1936public sector interests to ensure that the United States leads1937the world in next-generation communications.1938    Notwithstanding these issues, given my unique experiences1939working on both, this distinguished Committee, and the Armed1940Services Committee, as well as the dedication and expertise of1941FCC staff, I believe these challenges can be overcome.1942    In that spirit, I would like to offer a short list of1943commitments on which I hope there is bipartisan consensus, if1944confirmed. If confirmed, I will work with Congress and the1945administration to expand access to high-speed Internet services1946for all Americans, protect consumers from illegal robocalls,1947strengthen the security of the Nation's telecommunications1948networks, and restore America's leadership in next-generation1949communications technologies.1950    Mr. Chairman, thank you again for holding this hearing. I1951look forward to answering any questions.1952    [The prepared statement and biographical information of Ms.1953Trusty follow:]19541955  Prepared Statement of Olivia Trusty, Nominee to be a Commissioner,1956                   Federal Communications Commission1957    Chairman Cruz, Ranking Member Cantwell, and members of the1958Committee. It is a tremendous honor to be nominated and I thank1959President Trump for this opportunity. I also thank my family for their1960love and support.1961    Growing up in a large family with five sisters and one brother, I1962was taught early on about the value of service. Through my parents'1963daily actions, they emphasized the importance of helping others,1964whether through small acts or larger commitments. As I have grown1965older, I have credited my parents' example to the example set by my1966paternal and maternal grandfathers--George Preston Trusty, Sr. and1967Ernest Dewitt Powell, Jr. Both of whom served our country in World War1968II and the Korean War, respectively. Although my grandfathers came from1969different backgrounds, they shared a common commitment to defending1970this country and protecting the values we all hold dear. What brings me1971here today is my desire to continue the shared commitment to public1972service and love of country that has been in my family for generations.1973    When I first moved to Washington, DC nearly twenty years ago after1974graduating from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, I1975began my career in the public policy office of a telecommunications1976company. This is where I was introduced to universal service principles1977and the critical mission of the FCC. During that time, I saw first-hand1978how access to modern communications services, particularly for1979Americans living in rural and remote areas, could change lives. I also1980learned the value of a simple Internet connection: it not only gives1981communities the ability to stay connected with loved ones, but it opens1982the door to education, jobs, economic opportunities, and so much more.1983Indeed, it allows Americans to participate fully in society and an1984ever-expanding global digital economy.1985    Following my time in the private sector, I have had the opportunity1986to work in the House of Representatives and in this hallowed chamber on1987telecommunications, technology, consumer protection, and, most1988recently, national security. All of these policy areas are core to the1989FCC's mission to make available affordable, high-speed, reliable, and1990secure communications services.1991    In carrying out this mission, it is not lost on me that the problem1992set facing the Commission is vast and diverse. The agency must contend1993with unforgiving geographic landscapes to achieve universal1994connectivity; it must stay ahead of sophisticated illegal robocallers1995defrauding and scamming vulnerable populations like our youth and1996seniors; it must work with Federal partners to defend the security of1997our communications networks from the attacks of nation state actors;1998and it must work collaboratively with private and public sector1999interests to ensure that the United States leads the world in next-2000generation communications. Notwithstanding these issues, given my2001unique experiences working on both this distinguished committee and the2002Armed Services Committee, as well as the dedication and expertise of2003FCC staff, I believe these challenges can be overcome.2004    In that spirit, I would like offer a short list of commitments on2005which I hope there is bipartisan consensus. If confirmed, I will work2006with Congress and the Administration to:20072008   Expand access to affordable, high-speed Internet services2009        for all Americans;20102011   Protect consumers from illegal robocalls;20122013   Strengthen the security of the Nation's telecommunications'2014        networks; and20152016   Restore America's leadership in next-generation2017        communications technologies.20182019    Mr. Chairman, thank you, again, for holding this hearing and I look2020forward to answering any questions.2021                                 ______20222023                      a. biographical information2024    1. Name (Include any former names or nicknames used): Olivia Britt2025Trusty.2026    2. Position to which nominated: Commissioner at the Federal2027Communications Commission.2028    3. Date of Nomination: February 11, 2025.2029    4. Address (List current place of residence and office addresses):20302031        Residence: Information not released to the public.2032        Office: 228 Russell Senate Office Building, Washington, DC2033        20510.2034    5. Date and Place of Birth: Baltimore, Maryland.2035    6. Provide the name, position, and place of employment for your2036spouse (if married) or domestic partner, and the names and ages of your2037children (including stepchildren and children by a previous marriage).2038    Not applicable.2039    7. List all college and graduate schools attended, whether or not2040you were granted a degree by the institution. Provide the name of the2041institution, the dates attended, the degree received, and the date of2042the degree.20432044        Undergraduate Degree:2045                The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, August2046                2001 to May 2005, Bachelor of Arts Degree in Political2047                Science, Awarded May 200520482049        Graduate Degree:2050                Georgetown University, August 2005 to December 2006,2051                Master of Arts Degree in American Government, Awarded2052                December 200620532054    8. List all post-undergraduate employment, including the job title,2055name of employer, and inclusive dates of employment, and highlight all2056management-level jobs held and any non-managerial jobs that relate to2057the position for which you are nominated.20582059        Qwest Communications, Senior Policy Representative and2060        Government Relations Assistant, May 2006-April 2010*20612062        Verizon, Senior Consultant and Legislative Assistant, April2063        2010-September 2013*20642065        Office of U.S. Congressman Bob Latta (R-OH), Legislative2066        Assistant, September 2013-September 2014*20672068        U.S. House Committee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on2069        Digital Commerce and Consumer Protection, Professional Staff2070        Member, October 2014-April 2017*20712072        Office of U.S. Senator Roger F. Wicker, Legislative Assistant/2073        Telecommunications Subcommittee Staff Director, May 2017-2074        December 2018*20752076        U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation,2077        Policy Director, January 2019-December 2022**20782079        U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services, Professional Staff2080        Member/Cyber Lead, January 2023 to present**20812082        *Denotes non-managerial job that relates to the position for2083        which I have been nominated20842085        **Denotes managerial-level job that relates to the position for2086        which I have been nominated20872088    9. Attach a copy of your resume.2089    Attached.2090    10. List any advisory, consultative, honorary, or other part-time2091service or positions with Federal, State, or local governments, other2092than those listed above after 18 years of age. None.2093    11. List all positions held as an officer, director, trustee,2094partner, proprietor, agent, representative, or consultant of any2095corporation, company, firm, partnership, or other business, enterprise,2096educational, or other institution.20972098        Gymnastics Teacher--Hill's Gymnastics, Gaithersburg, MD*20992100        Adjunct Lecturer--Georgetown University, Washington, DC*21012102        *I no longer hold these positions.21032104    12. List all memberships you have had after 18 years of age or2105currently hold with any civic, social, charitable, educational,2106political, professional, fraternal, benevolent or religiously2107affiliated organization, private club, or other membership organization2108(You do not have to list your religious affiliation or membership in a2109religious house of worship or institution). Include dates of membership2110and any positions you have held with any organization. Please note2111whether any such club or organization restricts membership on the basis2112of sex, race, color, religion, national origin, age, or disability.2113None.2114    13. Have you ever been a candidate for and/or held a public office2115(elected, non-elected, or appointed)? If so, indicate whether any2116campaign has any outstanding debt, the amount, and whether you are2117personally liable for that debt. No.2118    14. List all memberships and offices held with and services2119rendered to, whether compensated or not, any political party or2120election committee within the past ten years. If you have held a paid2121position or served in a formal or official advisory position (whether2122compensated or not) in a political campaign within the past ten years,2123identify the particulars of the campaign, including the candidate, year2124of the campaign, and your title and responsibilities. None.2125    15. Itemize all political contributions to any individual, campaign2126organization, political party, political action committee, or similar2127entity of $200 or more for the past ten years.2128    From 2016 to 2024, I have made political contributions to Donald J.2129Trump for President, WinRed, and the Trump National Committee. The2130cumulative amount of my contributions to WinRed exceeds $200. Those2131contributions are listed below.21322133        11/06/24--WinRed, $141.0021342135        10/16/24--WinRed, $47.0021362137        07/14/24--WinRed, $20.8221382139        08/30/20--WinRed, $5.0021402141        07/26/20--WinRed, $5.0021422143        06/14/20--WinRed, $5.0021442145        05/09/20--WinRed, $5.0021462147        12/20/19--WinRed, $5.0021482149    16. List all scholarships, fellowships, honorary degrees, honorary2150society memberships, military medals, and any other special recognition2151for outstanding service or achievements.21522153        Athletic scholarship at the University of North Carolina at2154        Chapel Hill (2001-2005)21552156        Eastern Atlantic Gymnastics League All-Academic Team (2001-2157        2005)2158        NACGC Academic All-America (2004-2005)21592160        Carolina Panthers Graduate Scholarship (2005)21612162        Black Women's Congressional Alliance Honoree (2023)21632164        Women in Cable Telecommunications ``Listen Award'' Recipient2165        (2023)21662167    17. List all books, articles, columns, letters to the editor,2168Internet blog postings, or other publications you have authored,2169individually or with others. Include a link to each publication when2170possible. If a link is not available, provide a digital copy of the2171publication when available. None.2172    18. List all speeches, panel discussions, and presentations (e.g.,2173PowerPoint) that you have given on topics relevant to the position for2174which you have been nominated. Include a link to each publication when2175possible. If a link is not available, provide a digital copy of the2176speech or presentation when available.21772178        2020 CTIA 5G Summit, Congressional Perspective: What's Ahead2179        for Washington--https://www.ctia.org/news/video-congressional-2180        perspective-whats-ahead-for-wireless-in-washington21812182        2022 FCBA Annual Seminar Congressional Panel21832184        2024 Dynamic Spectrum Alliance Global Summit: Government and2185        Commercial Spectrum Sharing, Creating a Value Proposition for2186        Everyone21872188    19. List all public statements you have made during the past ten2189years, including statements in news articles and radio and podcasts and2190television appearances, which are on topics relevant to the position2191for which you have been nominated, including dates. Include a link to2192each statement when possible. If a link is not available, provide a2193digital copy of the statement when available. None.2194    20. List all digital platforms (including social media and other2195digital content sites) on which you currently or have formerly operated2196an account, regardless of whether or not the account was held in your2197name or an alias. Include the full name of an ``alias'' or ``handle'',2198including the complete URL and username with hyperlinks, you have used2199on each of the named platforms. Indicate whether the account is active,2200deleted, or dormant. Include a link to each account if possible.22012202        X: @obritt3 https://x.com/obritt3 (active)22032204        LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/in/olivia-trusty-2b850398 (active)22052206        Instagram: @obritttrust https://www.instagram.com/obritttrust/2207        (active)22082209        Instagram: @obtrusty https://www.instagram.com/obtrusty/2210        (active)22112212        Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/public/Olivia-Trusty/2213        (dormant)22142215    21. Please identify each instance in which you have testified2216orally or in writing before Congress in a governmental or non-2217governmental capacity and specify the date, committee, and subject2218matter of each testimony. None.2219    22. Given the current mission, major programs, and major2220operational objectives of the department/agency/commission/corporation2221to which you have been nominated, what in your background or employment2222experience do you believe affirmatively qualifies you for appointment2223to the position for which you have been nominated, and why do you wish2224to serve in that position?2225    For nearly 20 years, I have had the opportunity to work on2226telecommunications, technology, consumer protection, and national2227security policy. Every employment experience I have had--which includes2228over seven years in the private sector and over 11 years on Capitol2229Hill--involved working on policy issues that are core to the FCC's2230mission. If confirmed, I look forward to applying the knowledge and2231skills I have gained throughout my professional career to advance the2232availability of affordable, high-speed, reliable, and secure2233communications services across the country.2234    I wish to serve at the FCC because I love this country and I have2235seen the transformational impact that an Internet connection can have2236on individuals, families, and communities. If confirmed, my efforts2237would be dedicated to ensuring that every American has access to the2238Internet and the opportunity to participate in the 21st Century2239Internet economy.2240    23. What do you believe are your responsibilities, if confirmed, to2241ensure that the department/agency/commission/corporation has proper2242management and accounting controls, and what experience do you have in2243managing a large organization?2244    If confirmed, my responsibility would be to carry out the FCC's2245mission by making sure all Americans have access to communications2246services. As part of this effort, I would focus on promoting2247competition, innovation, and investment in U.S. communications2248networks, while protecting consumers and strengthening network2249security.2250    Managing an organization in the U.S. government--large or small--2251requires strong leadership that is guided by advancing the public2252interest and a commitment to the law. It also involves setting clear2253goals, and fostering a culture of transparency and accountability. A2254willingness to engage with stakeholders of all different backgrounds2255and perspectives is also critical to effective management and making2256informed decisions. My management and leadership experiences on the2257Senate Commerce Committee and the Senate Armed Services Committee have2258helped me to develop skills in each of these areas. They have also2259helped me find ways to build consensus and identify common ground on2260policy issues that can be highly technical and politically sensitive in2261nature. Altogether, my professional background has prepared me to take2262on more managerial responsibilities at the FCC, if I have the honor of2263being confirmed.2264    24. What do you believe to be the top three challenges facing the2265department/agency/commission/corporation, and why?2266    The top three challenges facing the FCC include the following:22672268        Achieving universal connectivity. The cornerstone of the FCC's2269        mission is to make communications services available to all2270        Americans. With the future of the Universal Service Fund in2271        question, it is imperative that the FCC work with Congress to2272        restore predictability and sustainability to the FCC's ability2273        to foster and promote the delivery of affordable, high-speed,2274        and reliable Internet services to all Americans.22752276        Strengthening network security. Nation states and malicious2277        cyber actors are targeting United States critical2278        infrastructure, including commercial telecommunications2279        networks, to degrade and disrupt America's economic stability2280        and national security. The FCC has a responsibility to work2281        with private industry and its Federal partners throughout the2282        U.S. government to strengthen the cyber defenses of2283        telecommunications networks against increasingly sophisticated2284        and hostile cyber threat actors.22852286        Renewing the FCC's spectrum auction authority. Making spectrum2287        available for commercial use is vital to continued innovation2288        and economic prosperity in the United States, as well as2289        America's global leadership in next-generation communications2290        technologies. The ongoing lapse of the FCC's auction authority2291        severely constrains the Commission's ability to meet the2292        growing spectrum demands of the private sector, risking the2293        Nation's economic security and technological leadership abroad.2294        The FCC should work with Congress to renew the FCC's auction2295        authority immediately to reach our economic goals in the United2296        States and remain competitive in the global digital economy.2297                   b. potential conflicts of interest2298    1. Describe all financial arrangements, deferred compensation2299agreements, and other continuing dealings with business associates,2300clients, or customers. Please include information related to retirement2301accounts, such as a 401(k) or pension plan.2302    I have an Individual Retirement Account. I also have a Thrift2303Savings Plan.2304    2. Do you have any commitments or agreements, formal or informal,2305to maintain employment, affiliation, or practice with any business,2306association, or other organization during your appointment? If so,2307please explain. No.2308    3. Indicate any investments, obligations, liabilities, or other2309relationships which could involve potential conflicts of interest in2310the position to which you have been nominated. Explain how you will2311resolve each potential conflict of interest. None.2312    4. Describe any business relationship, dealing, or financial2313transaction which you have had during the last ten years, whether for2314yourself, on behalf of a client, or acting as an agent, that could in2315any way constitute or result in a possible conflict of interest in the2316position to which you have been nominated. Explain how you will resolve2317each potential conflict of interest. None.2318    5. Identify any other potential conflicts of interest and explain2319how you will resolve each potential conflict of interest. None.2320    6. Describe any activity during the past ten years, including the2321names of clients represented, in which you have been engaged for the2322purpose of directly or indirectly influencing the passage, defeat, or2323modification of any legislation or affecting the administration and2324execution of law or public policy.2325    I presently serve as a Professional Staff Member on the Senate2326Committee on Armed Services. I previously served as a Policy Director2327on the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. In2328both positions, I have been asked for my thoughts on legislative2329matters pending before Congress, and I have regularly advised Senate2330offices on communications policy and legislation.2331                            c. legal matters2332    1. Have you ever been disciplined or cited for a breach of ethics,2333professional misconduct, or retaliation by, or been the subject of a2334complaint to, any court, administrative agency, the Office of Special2335Counsel, an Inspector General, professional association, disciplinary2336committee, or other professional group? If yes:2337    No.23382339  a.  Provide the name of the court, agency, association, committee, or2340        group;23412342  b.  Provide the date the citation, disciplinary action, complaint, or2343        personnel action was issued or initiated;23442345  c.  Describe the citation, disciplinary action, complaint, or2346        personnel action;23472348  d.  Provide the results of the citation, disciplinary action,2349        complaint, or personnel action.23502351    2. Have you ever been investigated, arrested, charged, or held by2352any Federal, State, or other law enforcement authority of any Federal,2353State, county, municipal, or foreign government entity, other than for2354a minor traffic offense? If so, please explain. No.2355    3. Have you or any business or nonprofit of which you are or were2356an officer ever been involved as a party in an administrative agency2357proceeding, criminal proceeding, or civil litigation? If so, please2358explain. No.2359    4. Have you ever been convicted (including pleas of guilty or nolo2360contendere) of any criminal violation other than a minor traffic2361offense? If so, please explain. No.2362    5. Have you ever been accused, formally or informally, of sexual2363assault, sexual harassment, or discrimination on the basis of sex,2364race, religion, or any other basis? If so, please explain. No.2365    6. Please advise the Committee of any additional information,2366favorable or unfavorable, which you feel should be disclosed in2367connection with your nomination. None.2368                     d. relationship with committee2369    1. Will you ensure that your department/agency/commission/2370corporation complies with deadlines for information set by2371congressional committees, and that your department/agency/commission/2372corporation endeavors to timely comply with requests for information2373from individual Members of Congress, including requests from members in2374the minority? Yes.2375    2. Will you ensure that your department/agency/commission/2376corporation does whatever it can to protect congressional witnesses and2377whistleblowers from reprisal for their testimony and disclosures? Yes.2378    3. Will you cooperate in providing the Committee with requested2379witnesses, including technical experts and career employees, with2380firsthand knowledge of matters of interest to the Committee? Yes.2381    4. Are you willing to appear and testify before any duly2382constituted committee of the Congress on such occasions as you may be2383reasonably requested to do so? Yes.2384                                 ______23852386                        Resume of Olivia Trusty23872388[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]23892390    The Chairman. Thank you to you both. Thank you to you both.2391    All right, Mr. Isaacman, let us start. If you are2392confirmed, you will oversee NASA's various field centers,2393mission directives, and affiliated activities. This includes2394Artemis and the Moon-to-Mars Program, which aims to keep us one2395step ahead of nations like China in the fight for supremacy in2396space.2397    The threat from China is very real. Just last week, General2398Saltzman, Chief of Space Operations for the Space Force,2399testified before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review2400Commission that Beijing has been explicit as recently as2401October of last year, in stating that China intends to surpass2402the United States and become the world's preeminent space2403power.2404    As General Saltzman put it, ``China's advancement in space2405technology, their stated desire to dominate, and Beijing's2406disregard for international norms for the responsible use of2407space make them an incredible danger to U.S. prosperity and2408security. China has said that they will put a man on the Moon2409by 2030, and that they will build a permanent lunar base there,2410along with Russia, by 2035.''2411    Based on how quickly they have already progressed, I think2412it is quite possible that China reaches those milestones sooner2413than those dates, and indeed that China reaches the Moon before2414the end of President Trump's current term.2415    Mr. Isaacman, if China beats us to the Moon, what2416consequences might America face?2417    Mr. Isaacman. Mr. Chairman, I really appreciate that2418question, and I could not agree more with all of your2419commentary, sir, including in your opening remarks. We2420certainly cannot lose. If we do not lead the way and we are2421following, we may be following forever, and the consequence of2422which could be extraordinary.2423    I mean, even if you are talking about things that have2424maybe even a low probability, let us say, for example, on the2425lunar surface, helium-3 becomes a new source of fusion power,2426it could shift the balance of power here on Earth. I do not2427think we can afford to find that out the hard way.2428    As you said, sir, and I have agreed for a very long time,2429space is the ultimate high ground. We cannot afford to cede2430that ground.2431    The Chairman. So my team did a visual representation of2432what the stakes are, and it is a simple question, what does the2433future look like in 2030? Now, I will note that my team used2434ChatGPT to make this poster, and my immediate comment on seeing2435it is the American flag is too damn small, and I was told it2436was difficult to get a bigger American flag on AI. That may be2437underscoring the need to win the race for AI as well, but it2438does give a sense of exactly what the choices we are facing2439now.2440    When we met in my office, you said beating China back to2441the Moon was, ``critical for our national interests''. You also2442said that if President Trump turns on the television and sees2443Chinese astronauts on the surface of the Moon before Americans,2444you said you would be fired that day. In your written2445testimony, however, you said quote, ``We will prioritize2446sending American astronauts to Mars.'' There seems to be a bit2447of tension between the commitment you made in my office and2448your testimony.2449    What is your view? Will you maintain course with the2450Artemis program so that we can return American astronauts to2451the Moon before President Trump leaves office?2452    Mr. Isaacman. Mr. Chairman, I really, I really appreciate2453the statement. First, I could not agree more with the President2454and his inspiring and ambitious goal to send American2455astronauts to plant the stars and stripes on Mars. He did not2456say we should not go to the Moon. I suspect the President, as I2457feel and probably a lot of Americans is, is what is taking us2458so long to get back to the Moon and why does it cost so much2459money?2460    I absolutely want to see us return to the Moon. As I2461mentioned in my prepared remarks, determine the economic,2462scientific and national security value, while we are also2463proceeding toward Mars. I do not think we have to make any2464tough trades here, Senator. I think if we can concentrate our2465resources as the world's greatest space agency, we do not have2466to make a binary decision of Moon versus Mars, or Moon has to2467come first versus Mars, I think we could be paralleling these2468efforts and doing the near impossible, which is exactly why the2469American taxpayers funded NASA in the first place.2470    The Chairman. Well, I will say on the question of whether2471NASA has to implement Moon then Mars, United States law is2472explicit non-equivocal on that. 51 U.S.C. Section 20302, which2473Senator Cantwell and I wrote, says, ``The vision for space2474exploration, the administrator shall establish a program to2475develop a sustained human presence in cislunar space or on the2476Moon as a stepping stone to future exploration of Mars and2477other destinations.'' The notion of the Moon as a stepping2478stone is explicitly in U.S. law. Do you acknowledge that?2479    Mr. Isaacman. Yes, I do, Senator.2480    The Chairman. And let me ask you, given the current NASA2481budget, if we assume for a moment we are not going to see a2482dramatic shift and NASA's budget double tomorrow, do you2483believe it is possible to stand up a full mission to the Moon2484and a full mission to the Mars simultaneously?2485    Mr. Isaacman. Senator, as I mentioned my prepared remarks,2486I think we can absolutely do that. We can figure out the space2487economy in low Earth orbit. We can run more scientific2488missions. This is the Agency that went from sending Alan2489Shepard on a suborbital mission, and 8 years later we saw Neil2490Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on the surface of the Moon. Do I2491think that we can get back to the Moon, chart a course for Mars2492and do all the other things; absolutely, Senator.2493    The Chairman. So do we have your commitment that you will2494not allow the scenario on the right on this poster to happen,2495that China will not beat us to the Moon, that one of these2496heroes sitting in this room will set his or her, and as a2497father of two daughters I am particularly excited that Artemis2498has committed, it will be a ``her'', the first woman will step2499foot on the Moon and she will be an American astronaut. Do we2500have your commitment that we will win the race to the Moon and2501China will not beat us?2502    Mr. Isaacman. Senator, I only see the left-hand portion of2503that poster.2504    The Chairman. And next time we will make the American flag2505bigger.2506    Senator Cantwell.2507    Senator Wicker. Mr. Chairman, I ask unanimous consent that2508the poster be placed in the record.2509    The Chairman. An excellent idea.2510    Senator Cantwell. I do agree.2511    The Chairman. And a Chairman who is crossing his T's and2512dotting his I's would have done so already; without objection.2513    [The chart referred to follows:]25142515    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]25162517    The Chairman. Senator Cantwell.2518    Senator Cantwell. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. And continuing2519on this same point; listen, I have no doubt of your2520capabilities at the technical side of this and the expertise2521both on the aviation and the space side. It is a question, I2522think, of a long-term challenge of different administrations to2523deliver on this goal and how each administration and each2524Congress does or doesn't support it. So I view your job as like2525wrangling the powers that be to support the mission and2526understand what it is going to take to support the mission.2527    So like Senator Cruz, I want to understand a little bit2528more about your commitments. The most recent Economic Impact2529Report highlighted that in Fiscal Year 2023, NASA projects to2530generate more than $75 billion in economic output. And the2531National Academy Studies chaired by Norm Augustine found that2532NASA's budget office is often incompatible with the scope,2533complexity, and difficulty of its mission work. That means that2534we end up shortchanging it to certain degrees.2535    So I want to make sure I understand what your commitment is2536because there is been so much in the press. Do you commit not2537to closing any of the NASA's ten centers or divesting from2538critical infrastructure without the expressed authorization of2539Congress?2540    Mr. Isaacman. Senator, you absolutely have my commitment to2541work alongside Congress. I think NASA is going to require the2542best and brightest from across the Nation in all of our2543critical infrastructure in order to achieve its mission to do2544the near impossible for all humankind.2545    Senator Cantwell. Do you see any reason to close these ten2546centers?2547    Mr. Isaacman. Senator, there is only so much that I can be2548briefed on in advance of this opportunity. I fully expect to2549roll up my sleeves and determine where all of our best2550resources are so we can get back to achieving the mission as2551quickly as possible.2552    Senator Cantwell. The 2024 National Academy's Report noted2553that the use of service and firm fixed-price contracts at early2554stage of technology development can jeopardize mission success2555and degrade NASA's own in-house technical capabilities. What2556are your thoughts about these fixed-term contracts?2557    Mr. Isaacman. Senator, as some----2558    Senator Cantwell. Do you agree with that statement? I2559guess, do you agree with that statement? They can be2560deleterious. I am just asking if you agree with that.2561    Mr. Isaacman. I take two things away from that, Senator.2562First, having run a defense aerospace company for more than a2563decade, and generally I am a fan of fixed-firm price contracts2564and being held accountable to what we did. In terms of the2565difference between NASA's in-house expertise and what2566commercial industry is able to provide, I believe NASA should2567be working, again, per my prepared remarks, on the near2568impossible, what no one else is capable of doing, and when they2569figure it out, commercial industry takes over and brings the2570rest of the world to follow.2571    Senator Cantwell. You might be one heck of an entrepreneur2572in relation to science. You said you are not a scientist. But2573that won't matter if we make very bad decisions based on2574somebody's arbitrary budget analysis instead of what is our2575long-term mission. So that is what we are trying to get out of2576you. How do you think we are going to accomplish this so that2577we have a more--listen, the more we can explain this to2578everybody, I guarantee you the more my colleagues will support2579it in a budget.2580    The more it gets slashed and burned by different2581approaches, by DOGE, the more harmful it can become to people2582undermining the support for the mission overall. So you have a2583big challenge here. It is to move us forward at a critical2584moment.2585    So do you believe that we should have a reduction in2586workforce, or the science budget, some of the things that I2587mentioned in my opening statement?2588    Mr. Isaacman. Senator, I read what is on NASA Watch and in2589the news like everybody else. If I am confirmed, I am eager to2590understand all of the considerations, the discussions being2591made about a reorganization, I believe that we are going to2592need the best and brightest to do the near impossible, and we2593should be concentrating all of our resources on the most2594critical objectives that I kind of outlined in my opening2595remarks, ma'am.2596    Senator Cantwell. Do you support the continued Artemis2597Mission with the Space Launch System?2598    Mr. Isaacman. Senator, I believe that is currently the2599plan. I would like nothing more than to see this Artemis II2600crew get around the Moon, and then they are back at home2601watching their friends walk on the Moon. I think the real2602question is, again: Why has it taken so long? Why does it cost2603so much money?2604    Senator Cantwell. But in the issue of: Are we going to2605commit to this? I think this and the Lander Redundancy are kind2606of like--people see that as a: We are going to the Moon and we2607are going to get this done. Not this discussion of like, we are2608going to skip these things, short change this, and then we are2609going to focus on Mars in a different route. That is what I am2610trying to get from you.2611    Whether when you get there, I get that you are saying it is2612the current plan. I am asking as a nominee to run this2613organization, do you have a different view of that, that you2614think right now, yes, there is a different way to do this?2615    Mr. Isaacman. Ma'am, I can tell you not just as a nominee,2616but as a space enthusiast who wants my daughters to see2617American astronauts walking on the Moon, it was the left-hand2618side of that poster that I am fully supportive of. I would like2619nothing more than to see Artemis II get around the Moon, and2620again see Americans walking on the Moon. And again, I do not2621think these are either/or. I mean, NASA is an extraordinary2622Agency that can do the near impossible. We can chart a course2623for Mars in line with the President's vision to return to the2624Moon before the Chinese can get there to figure out the space2625economy and do the other things, ma'am.2626    Senator Cantwell. There is a lot here. The HiCAM program on2627thermoplastic composites, do you support that program at NASA?2628    Mr. Isaacman. I think NASA has the best, brightest, most2629talented engineers and scientists and we should be working on2630cutting-edge technology.2631    Senator Cantwell. OK. I will want for the record whether2632you support that in, you know, clarity, not just like, hey, I2633like cutting-edge technology. These are really big decisions2634that lots of us have already weighed in on, and we just want to2635know whether they are going to get slashed someday because the2636President wakes up and says he does not want to do it, and2637whether you are going to say yes, yes, go ahead? So this, it2638will take all of us working together.2639    Ms. Trusty, I do not want you to keep going--ignored2640through the conversation. My time has expired. I will want to2641come back to you on the MVD, the broadcasters getting more2642ability in the marketplace, particularly as I mentioned2643earlier, you want a vibrant news competition, particularly when2644it comes to local journalism, reopening that case at the FCC.2645But I will take that for coming back on a second round.2646    And I love that, Senator Wicker thinks that you play chess2647instead of checkers because we need a lot more chess playing at2648the FCC. Thank you.2649    The Chairman. Grand Master Wicker.2650    [Laughter.]2651    Senator Wicker. Also, you can go out and shoot skeet and2652then come back and play chess. But thank you very much.2653    Well, let me direct my first question to Mr. Isaacman. You2654probably know that NASA has eight field centers, one of which2655is the John C. Stennis Space Center in Mississippi. The Stennis2656Space Center is home to NASA's largest rocket propulsion test2657site. If we did not have that, we would have to build another2658one. The Stennis Space Center also hosts a number of companies2659working on commercial space programs; the Space Center's2660infrastructure represents substantial government investment as2661well as private investments.2662    So the day after you are confirmed and sworn in, will you2663come to visit me in Mississippi at the Stennis Space Center?2664    Mr. Isaacman. I will get there as soon as I possibly can,2665Senator.2666    Senator Wicker. All right. Well, I think that is a fair2667answer.2668    Now, Ms. Trusty, let us talk about the plan for Broadband2669Bill, we finally got that reported a few weeks ago, and you2670worked with members of this committee, even as a staff member2671for the Armed Services Committee, in getting some compromised2672language on the Plan for Broadband Act. Do we need it, and what2673accommodations did we make to get everybody on the same page?2674    Ms. Trusty. Senator, thank you so much.2675    Senator Wicker. You can take about a minute and a half.2676    Ms. Trusty. OK. Thank you so much for the question. Thank2677you for your leadership on this issue. You know, interagency2678coordination is essential to closing the digital divide. I2679think as many members on this committee know, there are about2680130 broadband programs across 15 different agencies, and GAO2681has determined that those programs are fragmented and2682duplicative.2683    And there is an opportunity to streamline, consolidate, and2684coalesce these programs so that the resources are better2685targeted to unserved areas so that we can get communication2686services to more rural, remote areas that lack connectivity2687right now, and expand and close the digital divide--or just2688close the digital divide, not expand it.2689    And so I think the Plan for Broadband Act is the key to the2690solution, it creates a strategy that will help us to target2691these resources better to unserved communities so that2692everybody can fully participate in the global digital economy.2693    Senator Wicker. And we had to accommodate high-cost areas,2694tribal areas, and also do some compromising on the spending2695cap. So I do appreciate that.2696    Let me ask then in the last two minutes, during COVID-19,2697the broadband across Europe suffered several disruptions. Did2698we have that kind of disruption in the United States, or was2699there a difference, and why do you think things may have turned2700out differently in Europe as opposed to here in the United2701States?2702    Ms. Trusty. Thank you so much, Senator. I appreciate this2703question. You know, I think the reason why we did not face the2704same issues here during the COVID pandemic as it relates to our2705Internet networks, is because competition and innovation, a2706light-touch regulatory framework we saw worked really well. We2707just have not seen the predicted harms materialize in the2708absence of more prescriptive legacy regulations.2709    And so under your leadership, when I was on this committee,2710to ensure consumers were protected, even if competition and2711innovation fail, you set up a Bipartisan Net Neutrality Working2712Group to put together bipartisan legislation to ensure that2713consumers were protected regardless, but that we had a modern2714framework. I thought that was a great example of how to move2715forward with our next-generation networks, and ensure that2716consumers continued to have access to critical connectivity2717services.2718    Senator Wicker. Has there been any throttling or blocking2719in the United States in recent years?2720    Ms. Trusty. Senator, I am not aware of any of the predicted2721harms materializing that were projected during this debate a2722couple of years ago.2723    Senator Wicker. Thank you very much.2724    Thank you, Mr. Chairman.2725    The Chairman. Thank you. Senator Kim.27262727                  STATEMENT OF HON. ANDY KIM,2728                  U.S. SENATOR FROM NEW JERSEY27292730    Senator Kim. Yes, thank you, Chair.2731    Mr. Isaacman, I would just like to start with you. I guess2732I just wanted a little more clarity about, are you committed to2733having a permanent presence on the Moon?2734    Mr. Isaacman. Senator, I think the biggest thing is we need2735to get back there. It has been taking a very long time and the2736American taxpayers have invested an awful lot.2737    Senator Kim. I agree with you on that front. I think we can2738take that for granted between me and you, but I guess I wanted2739to get a sense because, you know, the Chairman laid this out2740actually, and then the poster that he had was not just about2741getting back to the Moon, but it was about sustaining a2742presence on the Moon. And I just feel like I do not have a good2743understanding of what your actual position is right now on2744that.2745    Mr. Isaacman. Well, I think, Senator, again, the first step2746to me is to return to the Moon and determine its economic, its2747scientific, and its national security value for remaining2748there.2749    Senator Kim. Yes. I saw that in your statement. And I2750guess, again, I was confused, because in your response to the2751Chairman, you were talking about how Helium-3, this is2752something that could very well shift the balance of power2753within the--you know, here on Earth. What else are you looking2754at? Like what else is in your mind right now beyond Helium-32755and the impacts there when you are talking about scientific,2756economic, and national security?2757    Mr. Isaacman. Well, Senator, I mean, that is what we need2758to get there to find out. You know, all the best science2759fiction movies out there have something like Helium-3 as the2760economic justification for an enduring presence, not just on2761the Moon, but throughout, you know, space exploration.2762    Senator Kim. So I guess, you know, kind of as we have been2763talking about this, you know, Moon, Mars, two priorities, you2764were much more definitive about saying we need to get to Mars.2765So I guess I just want to ask you that same question. What are2766the scientific, economic, and national security priorities that2767you see more clearly when it comes to going to Mars right now2768than in terms of having a permanent presence on the Moon?2769    Mr. Isaacman. Well, Senator, to be clear, I certainly hope2770in the future that we have lots of space stations, a full lunar2771outpost, a Mars outpost, and we are pushing even beyond that. I2772am just saying we need to get back to the Moon. We need to2773figure out why we need to be there, and I certainly hope there2774is a reason.2775    Senator Kim. Why do we need to be--what I am trying to get2776a sense of, you seem much more definitive about saying we need2777to get to Mars and putting resources toward that effort. What2778are the specific economic, scientific, and national security2779interests you see there? Because I get a sense that you have2780some greater clarity there than you do when it comes to the2781Moon.2782    Mr. Isaacman. Well, I would actually hope you are getting a2783sincere answer from me that we should be doing both and the2784other things. Now Mars----2785    Senator Kim. Do you think we can do both Moon and Mars on2786the current NASA budget?2787    Mr. Isaacman. I sure hope so. And NASA was built to do the2788near impossible and have a thriving space economy in low Earth2789orbit and continue extraordinary science missions to kind of2790unlock the secrets of the universe, sir.2791    Senator Kim. Well, I guess I just want to reinforce what2792the Chairman said. I mean, I think we need to have much more2793clarity in how we are talking about, what is our objectives2794when it comes to the Moon? As mentioned, we have a lot more2795clarity about what China's objectives are, and I hope that that2796is something that you can clarify quickly if you are confirmed.2797    When it comes to the International Space Station, what is2798your perceived timeline there in terms of when we should be2799starting to bring that down?2800    Mr. Isaacman. Well, Senator, first of all, I do not know of2801any reason why we should be bringing it down before what is2802currently scheduled. What I do think we need to do is maximize2803its remaining life, get as much of the high potential science2804and research to the station, figure out what that space economy2805is so when the day does come to hand it off to the commercial2806LEO destinations, they are in a financially self-sustaining2807type way.2808    Senator Kim. And you talked about that in terms of the2809space economy. In terms of what should succeed the2810International Space Station, do you believe that that should be2811commercial only, or do you see prospects of the U.S.2812Government, or a government-run space station to succeed the2813International Space Station?2814    Mr. Isaacman. Well, right now, Senator, if we do not figure2815out the space economy, whether it is commercially operated or2816not, it is going to be entirely financially sustained by the2817Government.2818    Senator Kim. So I guess I am asking what is your--do you2819have a preference, in terms of do you see a sense of need for a2820government-run--I guess I am just trying to ask you, what is it2821that NASA can do that commercial efforts cannot do?2822    Mr. Isaacman. Well, I mean, that is a fantastic question,2823Senator. I mean, the line should be drawn, again, in terms of2824NASA undertaking the near-impossible challenges that, again, no2825company, organization, or agency anywhere in the world would be2826able to undertake it. I gave a very good example, I think, in2827my opening remarks on nuclear propulsion; that is something2828that no company would ever embark upon. There is no obvious2829economic return, there are regulatory challenges. That is2830exactly the kind of thing that NASA should be concentrating its2831resources on.2832    Senator Kim. The last thing I just want to say here, and I2833know I am running out of time, I am really hard to see. I think2834we are all very proud of the astronauts that are here in this2835room. But I think I could speak for them and say, look, we also2836recognize the importance of the civil servants playing so many2837different roles for the safety and the innovation that is out2838there.2839    As I expressed to you, I am concerned about how this2840administration has approached what I believe are indiscriminate2841cuts at different--and firings at different departments and2842agencies. And if you are confirmed, I hope that you stand up2843against indiscriminate cuts. I think we are all very--2844recognizing that there are places for efficiencies and2845elsewhere. But we need to make sure that we are protecting the2846expertise that is out there.2847    And with that, I will yield back.2848    The Chairman. Thank you. Senator Fischer.28492850                STATEMENT OF HON. DEB FISCHER,2851                   U.S. SENATOR FROM NEBRASKA28522853    Senator Fischer. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and thank you to2854our two nominees today for your commitment to public service.2855    Ms. Trusty, I appreciated meeting with you to learn more2856about your experience and your goals if you are confirmed as a2857FCC Commissioner. And as you know, one of my top goals is to2858maintain a steady and predictable Universal Service Fund.2859Congress' intent has been clear, we must keep all Americans2860connected. I also look forward to co-chairing the Universal2861Service Fund Working Group with Senator Lujan to advance this2862priority.2863    Ms. Trusty, how do you view the Universal Service Fund and2864its mission to Universal Service?2865    Ms. Trusty. Thank you so much for the question, Senator,2866and thank you for the time. It was great to meet with you and2867discuss your priorities.2868    The Universal Service is the cornerstone of the FCC's2869mission. The Universal Service Fund itself has connected2870millions of Americans across the country. As you know, there is2871somewhat of an uncertain future with the Universal Service Fund2872as there is a constitutional challenge before the Supreme2873Court, and the contribution base is shrinking as more Americans2874shift to internet-based communications.2875    And so I think it is incumbent upon the FCC to work closely2876with Congress and interested stakeholders to identify a2877specific, predictable, and sufficient form of support as2878required in the Communications Act to continue meeting the2879needs of Americans across the country.2880    Senator Fischer. Thank you. From my experience serving on2881this committee and also on Armed Services Committee, I2882appreciate the differing cultures, missions, and priorities of2883the various Spectrum stakeholders, and I have seen the2884consequences when they conflict. I worry that Federal missions,2885including national security, can be undermined because of these2886frictions, particularly when collaboration among stakeholders2887is strained and consensus cannot be reached.2888    Ms. Trusty, what do you think the appropriate role is for2889the FCC and its engagement with the Department of Defense?2890    Ms. Trusty. Thank you, Senator. And I appreciate this2891question because I know this is such an important topic and a2892sensitive one, too. So you know, as you have noted, I have2893worked on both the Armed Services and Commerce Committees, both2894great experiences. During my time on the Armed Services2895Committee, I have certainly developed a greater appreciation2896for DOD's national security mission and how critical Spectrum2897is in carrying out that mission.2898    I also know from my time on the Commerce Committee that2899Spectrum is the lifeblood of wireless communications. It is2900essential to meeting our economic objectives, both domestically2901and abroad. And so I think given these two experiences, I can2902certainly help find solutions where there is common ground,2903where we do not have to sacrifice our Spectrum for warfighting2904needs, but we can also create opportunities to repurpose2905Spectrum for commercial use.2906    And I think the way to do that, frankly, is to have2907everybody in the same room at the same time hearing the same2908things. Otherwise, I think there is a lot of information that2909gets lost in translation, contributing to further misalignment2910on Spectrum policy. When we are all together, it can further2911promote transparency and accountability in these processes.2912    Senator Fischer. Well, how do you think this dialogue can2913become more constructive? Do you have any suggestions on how to2914do that? As a member of the staff on the Armed Services2915Committee, you had access to classified briefings that others2916do not have access to. So you have a fuller understanding of2917what is at stake here. So how can we have a constructive2918dialogue?2919    Ms. Trusty. Well, Senator, I think that is the issue. You2920know, when I was on the Commerce Committee, I did not have a2921full clearance, and so I was not privy to many of DOD's assets2922and capabilities. But when I was on the Armed Services2923Committee, I had a clearance and could understand better, or to2924a better degree, why some of the assets and systems were so2925essential. I will say, though, I think we have to find a way to2926accommodate both our national security and economic security2927interests. I worry that if either side of this debate fails,2928then our global competitors win, and I think that would have a2929devastating consequence to our economic and national security.2930    Senator Fischer. And I think we are beginning to achieve2931that, this way forward.2932    Ms. Trusty. Yes, ma'am.2933    Senator Fischer. Looking at the international role on2934telecommunications, how can a more unified position among2935Federal agencies boost the United States' global leadership?2936How can we ensure that national security perspectives are2937included in an overall position that we have for this country?2938    Ms. Trusty. Absolutely, Senator. Thank you for this. So I2939had the opportunity to attend the last WRC in Dubai, and I2940think the takeaway was that America did not put our best foot2941forward because we did not have a unified approach to our2942Spectrum policy. And so I think if we have a unified strategy2943where we highlight key U.S. interests, whether with respect to2944both our economic and national security, it gives us more time2945and space to work with our international partners and allies to2946develop coalitions where they have a lot of similar interests.2947And going into it that way, we can preempt those who are2948attempting to undermine U.S. values, among other things.2949    Senator Fischer. And if confirmed as an FCC Commissioner,2950the Commission, as a whole, would definitely have a leadership2951role in that process, correct?2952    Ms. Trusty. Absolutely. So the Department of State2953typically runs the WRC process, but NTIA and the FCC certainly2954contribute to that.2955    Senator Fischer. Thank you very much.2956    Thank you, Mr. Chair.2957    The Chairman. Thank you. Senator Klobuchar.29582959               STATEMENT OF HON. AMY KLOBUCHAR,2960                  U.S. SENATOR FROM MINNESOTA29612962    Senator Klobuchar. Thank you, Mr. Chair. Thank you to both2963of you for being here. You win the prize as the best name for a2964nominee, Ms. Trusty.2965    So I just wanted to have one follow up from Senator2966Fischer's questions, because I care a lot about Universal2967Service. Senator Thune and I have worked a lot on that2968together. How do you think the FCC should modernize the USF to2969ensure its long-term sustainability?2970    Ms. Trusty. Thank you for the question, Senator. You know,2971I know that there are a number of proposals on the table,2972whether it comes from identifying a specific predictable or2973sufficient funding resource to ensure the Universal Service2974Fund can continue to meet connectivity needs across the2975country. There are proposals about a Federal appropriation or2976looking to other private sector entities to contribute to the2977contribution base.2978    I think all of those things should be discussed between the2979FCC and Congress to ensure we can continue meeting connectivity2980needs across the country.2981    Senator Klobuchar. Thank you. As you know, I work with2982Senator Wicker on the Data Act to improve the accuracy of the2983FCC's broadband availability maps, but we know more work needs2984to be done. If confirmed, how will you continue to work to2985ensure the accuracy of the maps?2986    Ms. Trusty. Thank you, Senator. So you know, I was on this2987committee when the Broadband Data Act was passed with the goal2988of making sure we knew where broadband is available, where it2989is not, to better target resources to unserved areas. You know,2990as a part of that law, there is an opportunity for a challenge2991process where folks can challenge the accuracy of the data,2992which I think can help improve the accuracy of the maps.2993    I also think the FCC should work with private sector2994stakeholders who produce their own maps to inform the accuracy2995of the maps so that we can better target resources to areas who2996remain unserved, or remain--yes, remain unserved.2997    Senator Klobuchar. OK, very good. Thank you. And as you2998know, I care a lot about getting the broadband funding out. We2999have talked to a number of nominees about that. I will ask you3000a question in writing on 9-1-1.3001    Ms. Trusty. Thank you, Senator.3002    Senator Klobuchar. So thank you.3003    Mr. Isaacman, welcome. We had a good talk over the phone. I3004mentioned STEM was really important to me. I was looking back--3005in 2017, President Trump signed into law, and I remember3006because Senator Fischer called me from the White House, she was3007there, and she said, ``What is this bill of yours he is signing3008into law?'' because she happened to be there. And they did an3009event.3010    So it was a bill authorizing the NASA Administrator to3011encourage women to study STEM--it is called the INSPIRE Women3012Act and pursue careers in aerospace. Could you talk about3013promoting the STEM workforce, and then your role if confirmed3014as NASA administrator, how you can inspire more people to go3015into STEM in general? I'm just coming off the robotics3016competition in Minnesota on Saturday. Thank you. I was there.3017    Mr. Isaacman. Understood, Senator. First step is I am still3018working on getting my two daughters to want to grow up and3019enter a sphere--enter into the STEM fields. I have tried with3020space flight and I will get there. I would love to answer that3021really in two parts. I think the first thing is, first it is a3022fundamental obligation of NASA to inspire the next generation3023to want to be scientists, engineers, astronauts, pilots,3024doctors, researchers, and I think the best way NASA can do that3025is by executing on its mission.3026    I mean, that is what is going to have children want to3027dress up as astronauts and scientists for Halloween, is to get3028back to the Moon, to get to Mars and to inspire the world with3029whatever the replacement is someday for James Webb that gives3030us a hundred times the resolution.3031    The second part, ma'am, is what I mentioned in my opening3032remarks about NASA being a force multiplier for science. Once3033we inspire them in their youth to want to grow up and join this3034grand endeavor, we want to get them hands-on in their various3035academic institutions.3036    I think NASA can lend its expertise, its talent, its bulk3037buying of rockets, its standard bus architecture, and get3038academic institutions to want to contribute, whether it is3039building probes, or sensors, get them hands-on so when they3040graduate they want to join the greatest space agency in the3041world.3042    Senator Klobuchar. Very good. You know, I think not just3043with space but also with medical developments right now because3044of a combination of mapping of the human genome, home of the3045Mayo Clinic, Minnesota, as well as the potential of AI to do3046good when it comes to things like rare diseases. We are just on3047this cusp of scientific development kind of bursting out. I do3048get concerned about some of these cuts to science-based3049research and agencies across the government, not just space3050related. Will you be an advocate for science within the3051administration?3052    Mr. Isaacman. Yes, ma'am. I do believe the President is3053looking to usher in a golden age of science and discovery.3054Personally, I just spent a few days ago with 50--40 different3055science and researchers sharing the results from my most recent3056mission to space. I am passionate about science. I would love3057nothing more than to continue to see NASA go out and try and3058unlock the secrets of the universe.3059    Senator Klobuchar. Thank you.3060    Senator Moreno [now presiding]. Phenomenal plugs for3061Minnesota in that questioning.3062    Senator Klobuchar. I always find a way. You will learn that3063soon, Mr. Moreno.3064    Senator Moreno. So, Senator Moran, see if you can top that3065for Kansas.30663067                STATEMENT OF HON. JERRY MORAN,3068                    U.S. SENATOR FROM KANSAS30693070    Senator Moran. Well, that was not what I intended to talk3071about, but I am happy to promote my state and have to,3072certainly, to Mr. Isaacman. Wichita, in particular, the air3073capital of the world, Wichita State, NIAR, and these3074astronauts, when I had a conversation with them by phone, asked3075me the question: Do you know that you have the greatest space3076museum in the world in Kansas? To which I said, I know that, I3077am just pleased that you know that. Can I tell the rest of the3078world that you are saying those things? And so I thank you for3079that opportunity, the Cosmosphere in Hutchinson, Kansas.3080    Ms. Trusty, let me start with you. I am pleased by your3081nomination that President Trump has chosen to nominate you. I3082appreciate the friendship you and I have had over a long period3083of time of my office in Dirksen, and we have passed and had3084conversations in the hall for a long time. I have great faith3085in you.3086    Let me ask you these--well, on that topic, let me tell you3087that it has been my disappointment over time to watch the FCC3088become much more partisan and incapable of reaching decisions.3089It has changed in the time that I have been in the Senate, as3090the Senate has changed in the time that I have been in the3091Senate, and I would encourage you to use every effort to find3092ways, to find solutions to problems, and to bring the3093Commission together to serve the American people. And I do not3094know that I need to ask you, but I assume you would say that3095you will do so?3096    Ms. Trusty. Yes, absolutely, Senator.3097    Senator Moran. Thank you. I want to mention just Spectrum3098policy, as a couple of my colleagues have mentioned before.3099Looking at Congress' options about authorities to the FCC, when3100it comes to reauthorizing that Spectrum Auction Authority, what3101would your recommendations be?3102    Ms. Trusty. Thank you, Senator. I think this is very3103important. So I would recommend that Congress restore auction3104authority as quickly as possible. I think it can be a catalyst3105to investment and innovation, particularly as it relates to3106expanding broadband infrastructure across the country. I also3107think it serves as a signal to the rest of the world about how3108we are prioritizing our telecommunications policy and where we3109are going.3110    This is underpinning every emerging application that we can3111think of, artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and so3112much more. And so I think by showing that we have confidence in3113our regulatory processes and frameworks to have auction3114authority restored to support that kind of innovation, I think3115that will go a long way.3116    Senator Moran. Ms. Trusty, media ownership is back in the3117news again. Do you believe it is important for the FCC to rid3118us of the rules that are no longer necessary or inhibit3119competition that currently exist in media ownership rules?3120    Ms. Trusty. I appreciate the question, Senator. I3121definitely think we need a modern regulatory framework that3122reflects the realities of today's video and media marketplace.3123As you know, the media marketplace has changed dramatically3124over the last two decades, driven largely by technology3125advancements and changes in consumer preferences.3126    Consumers have access to all sorts of things, your3127traditional broadcast and cable, as well as live streaming3128video and social media, all things that make for a great3129personalized television viewing experience and things that I3130think the FCC should continue to promote that allows3131broadcasters to flexibly compete against technology companies3132for ad revenues, consumer viewers, as well as programming.3133    Senator Moran. Ms. Trusty, that is particularly true in3134rural America where the options are fewer than they used to be,3135and local programming, is it difficult to task or accomplish.3136So I encourage you to pursue those changes.3137    One more, BEAD implementation, one of things we are worried3138about is the timing of the FCC's efforts in deploying broadband3139funds when BEAD is yet uncompleted. Because one of the goals is3140to make sure that we do not overbill, and that you are not both3141providing dollars to the same opportunities to provide3142broadband and Internet services.3143    So would you consider--how would you consider the FCC in3144holding off moving forward on allocating 5G funding until BEAD3145allocation decisions have been made in order to maximize the3146efficiency of those 5G funds?3147    Ms. Trusty. I appreciate this question, Senator. This goes3148to the heart of interagency coordination. I think the FCC and3149NTIA need to be in constant contact about where BEAD is going,3150when it is going, so that we can be better stewards of taxpayer3151dollars, target funds to unserved areas, ensure that there is3152no duplication or overbuilding, as you mentioned, and there3153could be a possibility where BEAD infrastructure could be3154leveraged for USF funds or vice versa.3155    But I think this all goes to interagency coordination and3156making sure we are the best stewards of taxpayer dollars. So3157you have my commitment that I would do that, Senator, if3158confirmed.3159    Senator Moran. Thank you.3160    Mr. Isaacman, let me tell you that I now have concern about3161your leadership capabilities. While you were indicating that3162you were working on getting your daughters to pursue STEM3163education, both of them were shaking their heads this way.3164    [Laughter.]3165    Senator Moran. I hope you can fare better at NASA.3166    Mr. Isaacman. We are going to fix this, Senator.3167    Senator Moran. In the short 12 seconds that I have left in3168my time, I will ask, I guess, one question. Do you believe that3169the current Artemis architecture featuring SLS Rocket or Orion3170Spacecraft is the best and fastest way to beat China to the3171Moon?3172    Mr. Isaacman. Senator, this is the current plan. I do3173believe it is the best and fastest way to get there. I do not3174think it is the long-term way to get to and from the Moon and3175to Mars with great frequency. But this is the plan we have now3176and we have got to get this crew around the Moon and the3177follow-on crew to land on the Moon.3178    Senator Moran. Thank you. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.3179    Senator Moreno. I now recognize Senator from Michigan, Gary3180Peters.31813182                STATEMENT OF HON. GARY PETERS,3183                   U.S. SENATOR FROM MICHIGAN31843185    Senator Peters. Thank you, Senator. Congratulations to both3186of our nominees here, on your nomination to these important3187positions.3188    Mr. Isaacman, we had a great opportunity to talk yesterday3189in my office about a variety of issues. Artemis came up3190frequently as I know it has come up at the hearing frequently3191as well, including Senator Moran in the previous question, and3192you suggested here and there that NASA can pursue the Artemis3193program, our mission to the Moon, and a potential Mars mission3194in parallel tracks, is how you have been describing it.3195    I am concerned though about the possibility of achieving3196that. While we expect budget cuts to NASA, we have already seen3197cuts and somewhat significant cuts, I would argue, to staff at3198NASA. So my question for you is do you agree that budget cuts3199would undermine that vision that you are expressing?3200    Mr. Isaacman. Well Senator, I think right now NASA has a3201pretty extraordinary budget. I believe it is close to every3202Federal law enforcement agency combined times two. With that3203budget and those resources available, I do believe we can do3204the near impossible. I think we can have multiple flagship3205scientific missions at once, which means we can have multiple3206space exploration missions at once, and try and solve the space3207economy in low Earth orbit, sir.3208    Senator Peters. Even with budget cuts, you will be able to3209do that, and----3210    Mr. Isaacman. Well, Senator, I am not familiar with what3211the--what is potentially being contemplated, but I will3212absolutely do the most with the resources available to try and3213deliver on NASA's world-changing mission, sir.3214    Senator Peters. So given the--I think it is pretty clear we3215are likely to see constrained budgets. How do you envision3216speeding up our timeline for the Mars mission that you talked3217about while also ensuring that Artemis is properly resourced3218and protected from any future cuts that may come their way?3219    Mr. Isaacman. Well, Senator, I think across the board we3220have to acknowledge, as I mentioned in our opening remarks, we3221do have problems here. The President--presidents have called3222for return to the Moon and a path to Mars since 1989. We spent3223a lot of money and we have not gotten this crew around the3224Moon, let alone landing on it. If I am confirmed, I absolutely3225am going to roll up my sleeves and get in the trenches with the3226best and brightest and figure out where we have our program3227challenges, what is impeding progress, clear those obstacles3228and get back to delivering on the mission.3229    If we can do that, then we are going to get the3230inspirational side of NASA going, we are going to get the STEM3231side growing, and the next generation is going to grow up and3232want to reach even farther, sir.3233    Senator Peters. As you know, public private partnerships3234between NASA and commercial space companies is a critical part3235of space exploration efforts, you know that firsthand from your3236flight to space twice with SpaceX. And I understand that you3237have business ties with SpaceX previous to your nomination as3238well.3239    My question for you, given the fact that Elon Musk serves3240both as the CEO of SpaceX as well as--is a White House employee3241and leader over DOGE, which has significant influence over3242spending and contracts, at least that is what we have been3243seeing, certainly in our meeting, I was happy to hear you say3244to me that you are not beholden to Elon Musk in any way. So I3245want to give you an opportunity to say that on the record, if I3246may.3247    So first, have you had any communication, e-mails, text or3248calls with Elon Musk regarding how your plan to manage NASA3249since you were nominated?3250    Mr. Isaacman. Not at all, Senator.3251    Senator Peters. What steps will you take, if confirmed, to3252ensure that he is not allowed undue influence, given the3253extensive contracts that he has with NASA, to make sure that he3254has no undue influence over the awarding or the implementation3255of those contracts?3256    Mr. Isaacman. Well, I think, Senator, I absolutely want to3257be clear. My loyalty is to this Nation, the Space Agency and3258their world-changing mission. I have to imagine that in the32591960s, Administrator Webb would have taken phone calls and3260welcomed the input from all the various contractors that were3261contributing to the endeavor. But they are the contractors.3262NASA is the customer. They work for us, not the other way3263around, Senator.3264    Senator Peters. Very good. Ms. Trusty, you have a deep3265history working on defense related Spectrum issues that are3266absolutely critical, as you know, to our security apparatus.3267However, agencies other than the DOD use Spectrum for key3268public safety applications, and I believe that they need to be3269protected as well.3270    One such band is 5.9, also known as the Auto Safety3271Spectrum, which is overseen by the Department of3272Transportation. This band allows for the deployment of safety3273technologies, including cellular vehicle to everything3274technology that certainly enables collision avoidance, freight3275efficiency movements and a whole lot more. In 2020, some of the3276Spectrum was allocated away from these auto safety purposes,3277which in my mind will reduce roadway safety in the long term.3278And I believe we cannot let that happen again.3279    I think my Senator from Ohio will agree that we have to3280make sure auto safety is always put at the forefront of3281considerations when it comes to the Spectrum. So my question to3282you is, if confirmed, will you commit to protecting the3283remaining Auto Safety Spectrum for roadway safety innovation3284like the cellular vehicle to everything technology?3285    Ms. Trusty. Senator, thank you for this question and it is3286really important to me. In my time in the House I worked3287closely with NHTSA on vehicle safety issues. So I am very3288familiar with the safe--the life saving potential of C-V2X, it3289will be--and so I think as a--if confirmed, my responsibility3290is to put Spectrum to its highest and best use, meaning3291maximizing its economic and societal benefits.3292    When it comes to vehicle safety that will certainly be a3293part of the information in the record, and I would be happy to3294work with you to ensure that C-V2X can be deployed with the3295resources it needs so it is readily available to all Americans.3296    Senator Peters. Well, I hope it is a priority and we'll--if3297confirmed we will work closely with you.3298    Ms. Trusty. Thank you, Senator.3299    Senator Moreno. Senator Blackburn.33003301              STATEMENT OF HON. MARSHA BLACKBURN,3302                  U.S. SENATOR FROM TENNESSEE33033304    Senator Blackburn. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Thank you to3305each of you for getting that testimony in and for being here3306today. We appreciate it and appreciate the opportunity to visit3307with you.3308    Mr. Isaacman, I was so pleased to hear you talk about3309nuclear propulsion. We have Oak Ridge National Labs, we have3310Arnold Air, which is the only place you can do hypersonic3311testing, and of course, Huntsville and Marshall Space Flight is3312very close to our Tennessee border. We have a lot of3313Tennesseans that are there. So pleased to hear you put some3314emphasis on that, we agree with you that emphasis needs to be3315placed there.3316    But I want you to just give me a synopsis of what you think3317is the most important area of competition as we look at what is3318happening with China, with Russia, with great power3319competition, what North Korea and Iran are doing?3320    Mr. Isaacman. Senator, thank you very much for the3321question. For starters, competition can work really well. I3322think competition from a commercial perspective is doing great.3323We have gone from a world where at one point in time the Nation3324had a dependency on one launch provider, and foreign rocket3325technology. Now, we have a very mature commercial industry with3326several providers able to help us accelerate mass, and people3327and astronauts into orbit.3328    Well, competition works well in the global stage as well,3329ma'am, so long as we do not lose. And right now, I mean, that3330could not be more important in the ultimate high ground of3331space. I mean that is a critically important domain. NASA will3332continue to press out, lead the way in that ultimate high3333ground. But we are going to need our partners in the Department3334of Defense, the Space Force, we are going need to be3335collaborating and making sure they are watching out for us.3336    Senator Blackburn. Ms. Trusty, welcome. And I am so pleased3337to see so many of your family members here to support you. And3338to all of the--I guess it is nieces, and nephews that are here.3339    Ms. Trusty. That is right, and siblings, and friends.3340    Senator Blackburn. Just know she is really smart and she is3341working hard. OK. We talked a little bit about spectrum and as3342you know, it concerns me that 60 percent of our mid-band3343spectrum is held by Federal agencies. Much of that is sitting3344fallow, it is not being used. We cannot afford that. We are3345commercializing only 5 percent of that.3346    So talk to me about the importance of NTIA conducting an3347inventory, the importance of the FCC supporting an inventory,3348the importance of Congress restoring the ability to have3349spectrum auction authority?3350    Ms. Trusty. Thank you, Senator, for this question. So I3351will start kind of from the first part about restoring auction3352authority. As I mentioned previously, I think this is3353incredibly important to our economic and national security. I3354think auction authority serves as a catalyst to investment and3355innovation, not just for broadband deployment across this3356country, but for emerging technologies and applications that3357will allow us to be a global leader in technological3358innovation.3359    As far as supporting an inventory, I think an inventory3360could be good. It tells us what spectrum is being used and how.3361As you know, there may be some things that are classified or3362sapped and they will not be available to the public. But3363certainly members of the Committee could have access to that3364information to make more informed decisions about spectrum3365management. But I think we do need to have a full view of what3366is available, what is being used, so that we can properly put3367Spectrum to its highest and best use for economical----3368    Senator Blackburn. And maybe even share some of that3369spectrum?3370    Ms. Trusty. Potentially, as the studies indicate. Yes,3371ma'am.3372    Senator Blackburn. OK. Talk to me a little bit about USF. I3373know Senator Fischer and Senator Klobuchar asked you about3374that. And I think USF has outlived its usefulness and needs to3375be replaced with something different. We will see what the3376court has to say about it. So articulate reforms if they say3377you can keep USF, and replacement if they say you cannot?3378    Ms. Trusty. Sure, Senator. I appreciate this question. So3379Universal Service is the cornerstone of the FCC's mission. It3380is a part of the Communications Act to advance and preserve3381Universal Service generally as a concept and----3382    Senator Blackburn. Yes. I just want to know reforms. Yes.3383    Ms. Trusty. Yes, Senator. So there could be distribution3384reforms, or contribution reforms, depending on what the facts3385tell us. I think there is an opportunity to have performance3386metrics for each of the programs to understand what the3387efficacy is of each of those programs in addressing the needs.3388There could be better oversight over eligibility requirements.3389There could also be better oversight over participating3390providers' compliance with those programs to ensure that those3391dollars are being targeted to those who need them.3392    Senator Blackburn. Excellent. Thank you so much.3393    Thank you, Mr. Chairman.3394    I am going to send you one question on PAOLA.3395    Ms. Trusty. Yes, ma'am.3396    Senator Blackburn. Because that is so important to our3397artists there in Tennessee. And to each of you, all the3398children deserve ice cream. They have been awesome today.3399    [Laughter.]3400    Ms. Trusty. Thank you, Senator.3401    The Chairman. I would ask, Senator Blackburn, is the ice3402cream limited to the children?3403    Senator Blackburn. Senator Cruz, you showed up on time3404today, so you, too, deserve ice cream.3405    [Laughter.]3406    Senator Blackburn. I will be certain that at lunch I serve3407you ice cream.3408    The Chairman. I will take it. Senator Lujan.34093410               STATEMENT OF HON. BEN RAY LUJAN,3411                  U.S. SENATOR FROM NEW MEXICO34123413    Senator Lujan. It looks like I am joining you for lunch,3414Mr. Chairman. Mr. Chairman, thank you for this hearing today.3415    It is good to see you both here and with family support.3416That means something. Ms. Trusty, in last month's Supreme Court3417oral arguments in the USF case, the Solicitor General noted3418that the FCC Commissioners do not have statutory for-cause3419removal protections. In our meeting yesterday, you stated that3420the issue of for-cause removal was subject to pending3421litigation and that you would not weigh in.3422    Regardless, it appears that President Trump believes he can3423fire you at-will when confirmed. How will you maintain your3424independence if the President can fire you simply because he3425may not like a position you take?3426    Ms. Trusty. Thank you, Senator. I appreciate the question3427and I understand the importance of the issue. My job, if3428confirmed, is to focus on upholding and enforcing the law.3429Whatever happens with what is subject to pending litigation, my3430first obligation is to facts, the law, and with respect to the3431proceeding that comes before the Commission, and that is--I3432think the FCC has a very transparent and open process and my3433commitment would be to making sure that I have--what I commit3434to, I have no fear--without fear of favor, I would make a3435decision with respect to any individual or entity that comes3436before the Commission.3437    Senator Lujan. I appreciate that. Yesterday when we spoke,3438I shared with you I was a former utility commissioner and the3439importance of the training I received as an administrative law3440judge. And while we may be able to gather information3441elsewhere, it is the importance of the record. The decisions3442that will be made that are in front of you will be based on the3443record that is established. Is that something you agree with?3444    Ms. Trusty. Yes, Senator.3445    Senator Lujan. I appreciate that. Ms. Trusty, as I shared3446with you yesterday, I have also been very disturbed by the3447actions taken by Chair Carr to investigate broadcast companies3448for their editorial decisionmaking. In January, Chair Carr3449reinstated complaints against ABC regarding its moderation of3450the debate between Trump and Harris. Trump complained that the3451debate was, quote, ``rigged'' and stated, ``They ought to take3452away their licenses for the way they did that.'' Do you think3453it is appropriate for the President to call for the revocation3454of broadcast licenses?3455    Ms. Trusty. So Senator, I think President Trump has First3456Amendment rights to express his views. My responsibility, if3457confirmed, is to focus on the facts, FCC precedent and the law3458in carrying out whatever the decisionmaking process is for3459proceeding before the Commission.3460    Senator Lujan. As part of that, In March 2025, Chair Carr3461gave an interview to Bloomberg News in which he said, ``any3462business that are looking for FCC approval, I would encourage3463them to get busy ending any sort of their invidious forms of3464DEI discrimination.'' In addition, Chair Carr said that ``CBS3465editorial decision regarding an interview with Vice President3466Harris would factor into the review.'' My question to you is:3467Do you think it is appropriate to consider a broadcaster's3468editorial decisions when reviewing a merger?3469    Ms. Trusty. So Senator, with respect to mergers or3470transactions, I would be--I would look at them through the lens3471of what advances the public interest. As you know, these are3472very fact-specific cases that require a thoughtful and thorough3473review of information in the record, and I would be guided by3474the statute.3475    Senator Lujan. Let me ask the question very clearly. Do you3476believe that the FCC should be weaponized against media3477organizations?3478    Ms. Trusty. No, Senator.3479    Senator Lujan. I appreciate that very much.3480    Now, Mr. Isaacman, I have many questions for you. I want to3481be--I am always aware of my members'--my colleagues' time as3482well. I am going to submit your questions to the record.3483    Ms. Trusty, I just want to conclude by sharing with you3484that you have an ethical record. You have a strong reputation3485on Capitol Hill, protect it. You have a bright future. We need3486good Democrats, good Republicans. I do not agree with all your3487positions, I do not agree with all my Democratic colleagues'3488positions, but the FCC should be a strong independent body. We3489need good people there. And I appreciate you being here today.3490    I yield back.3491    Senator Cantwell. Mr. Chairman, if I could, before we3492continue. For the record, Senator Fetterman would like to be3493recorded as an ``aye'' by proxy on the Roth nomination.3494    The Chairman. Without objection, the record will be3495corrected to so reflect.3496    Senator Sullivan.34973498                STATEMENT OF HON. DAN SULLIVAN,3499                    U.S. SENATOR FROM ALASKA35003501    Senator Sullivan. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. And to our3502nominees, congratulations, and thank you for willing to serve3503your country and your families, great to see so many families3504here.3505    Ms. Trusty, I want to make sure I get your commitment off3506the bat to come to Alaska, see the many challenges we have in3507Alaska. You can bring your whole family, we can do it during3508the summer, go fishing, but I need you to get out to my state3509and see the challenges, particularly as it relates to3510communications, broadband, Internet connectivity. You know,3511people talk about rural, and then there is Alaska, which is3512just way more rural than everywhere else. Can I get your3513commitment to do that?3514    Ms. Trusty. Absolutely, Senator.3515    Senator Sullivan. And you know, when the FCC commissioners3516do that, they have all come to our state, they realize that in3517terms of the FCC, there is really, really the need for3518importance on embracing flexible policies as it relates to3519Alaska. The FCC came up with The Alaska Plan, as I am sure you3520are aware of, and then they have now referred to that as the3521FCC's Alaska Connect Fund.3522    Will you commit to me to working with any--on any future3523changes? There is a midpoint pause in 2029 relating to the3524Alaska Connect pause that gives the FCC the opportunity to look3525at different flexibilities there. Can I get your commitment to3526work with me on both what was The Alaska Plan and now the3527Alaska Connect Fund?3528    Ms. Trusty. Yes, Senator, I would be happy to.3529    Senator Sullivan. That has strong bipartisan support over3530the last several years in the FCC, pretty much all the3531commissioners have supported it. Can I get your commitment on3532that?3533    Ms. Trusty. Yes. Yes, Senator.3534    Senator Sullivan. Great. I am going to ask you a question3535for the record on media ownership that I would like your3536response on.3537    Mr. Isaacman, have you seen the movie ``The Martian''?3538    Mr. Isaacman. I have, Senator.3539    Senator Sullivan. OK. I have a--well, my daughters are3540older now, but when I took them to see that, they were very3541inspired. And you kind of have the Hollywood version, the live3542version right here, with all these smart, good looking3543astronauts in our hearing room today. Can you give me your3544ideas on how to promote better through media, maybe even3545through Hollywood, these upcoming missions to the Moon,3546missions to Mars, to inspire our young people?3547    I think it is a really, really great opportunity. I do not3548think NASA has always embraced that opportunity, but we have so3549many exciting things on the horizon. And I mean it, when you3550look at these astronauts and how smart they are, and how3551inspiring they can be to young Americans to serve their3552country, to study science. Give me your thoughts on that, and3553what an opportunity we have to take advantage of that?3554    Mr. Isaacman. Well, Senator, I completely agree. And as I3555mentioned before, I think it is a fundamental obligation of3556NASA to inspire the next generation to want to grow up and be3557scientists, engineers, astronauts, researchers, and set the bar3558even higher. And I do believe the first step on that journey is3559to execute on the mission.3560    I mean, nothing is going to create more future scientists3561and engineers than seeing American astronauts on the Moon,3562American astronauts on Mars, in line with President Trump's3563vision, planting the stars and stripes on Mars.3564    So I do think that is a fundamental obligation. I think3565that NASA right now we could do a better job, if confirmed, on3566emphasizing quality, content over quantity. There is, I think,3567about 300 different NASA social channels. They are awesome.3568They put a lot of good things out. I think we can narrow that3569down and make sure we are capturing the really inspirational3570footage, what everybody wants to see that inspires them to grow3571up and want to reach even higher.3572    Senator Sullivan. Good. I think you will have strong3573bipartisan support for doing that. I also want to get your3574commitment, if confirmed, to come to Alaska?3575    Mr. Isaacman. Senator, as a pilot, I have been fortunate to3576fly around Alaska quite a bit. And I would point out on3577aircraft that rolled off assembly lines in Wichita--I know3578Senator Moran would like to hear that--I am looking forward to3579returning.3580    Senator Sullivan. Good. Because as you know, and you have3581helped pioneered commercial space flight, you know better than3582most that the future of space access is not just Cape3583Canaveral, or Vandenberg, it is increasingly spread across our3584entire country, including places like Alaska. The specific3585Spaceport Complex on Kodiak Island is the only high altitude,3586polar-capable spaceport in the United States. There is rising3587demand for facilities like that at Kodiak in terms of both3588government and commercial launches. They have done both.3589    And I would love to take you out to Kodiak Island. Not just3590to see the largest brown bears in the world, of which we have3591thousands, but a really, really up and coming spaceport3592complex. Have you ever spent time out at the Kodiak Spaceport3593Complex?3594    Mr. Isaacman. Senator, I have been there. I did not see any3595bears. I was looking and I would love to return, sir.3596    Senator Sullivan. OK. So you and I are going to return, and3597we will get an eye on some bears, maybe do some fishing with3598Ms. Trusty when she brings her family.3599    [Laughter.]3600    Senator Sullivan. But in all seriousness, that is a3601spaceport complex that I think has enormous potential. Would3602you agree with that?3603    Mr. Isaacman. Senator, I think that, as mentioned before,3604space is the ultimate high ground. It is a vitally important3605domain for national security. I frankly think we need more3606spaceports. We have to always ensure our access to low Earth3607orbit and ensure national security.3608    Senator Sullivan. Great. Thank you.3609    Thank you, Mr. Chairman.3610    The Chairman. And by the way, if anything, Senator Sullivan3611is underselling the fishing in Alaska. It is phenomenal. It is3612not quite as big a state as Texas, but it, but it has enormous3613natural beauty.3614    Senator Sullivan. OK, Mr. Chairman, you do not want to do3615the size stuff with me.3616    [Laughter.]3617    The Chairman. Senator Blunt Rochester; yet another massive3618state.36193620            STATEMENT OF HON. LISA BLUNT ROCHESTER,3621                   U.S. SENATOR FROM DELAWARE36223623    Senator Blunt Rochester. That is correct. That is correct,3624Delaware. And we are, that is right, we are the first state3625though. That is the important thing.3626    Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and to Ranking Member Cantwell;3627welcome Ms. Trusty, and Mr. Isaacman, and your families.3628    I would like to start my questions with Ms. Trusty. As an3629avid tech person myself, I love this stuff. Based on3630predictions, I have seen that 6G is coming sometime in the3631early 2030s. And I have heard exciting things about how 6G3632networks will be integrated with AI to enable better3633connectivity. In the House, I was fortunate to lead bills on3634immersive technology, and it really helped, helping us train3635our workforce. AI literacy was one of the bills that I focused3636on. And just the notion of being able to do things in real3637time, real-time adaptive changes presents a lot of3638opportunities, but it also presents challenges.3639    There were some issues that delayed the initial 5G rollout,3640such as Huawei being used as a potential supplier,3641infrastructure build out issues and more. And I view the 6G3642rollout as a crucial step in our competition against China in3643the national security realm as well as technology spaces.3644    Ms. Trusty, if confirmed, what specifically do you think3645the FCC can do to ensure that the 6G rollout is smoother than3646the 5G rollout was?3647    Ms. Trusty. Great. Thank you for the question and I really3648agree with so much of what you said. I will start with3649cybersecurity and making sure networks are deployed in a secure3650way. And I applaud this committee on making sure the Rip and3651Replace Fund was fully funded.3652    I have been interested to see the creation of the National3653Security Council at the FCC. And I think that is an opportunity3654for the FCC to leverage its authorities in the Secure and3655Trusted Communications Networks Act to ban other high-risk3656equipment and vendors from our Nation's communications3657networks. I also think the FCC can promote the adoption of open3658radio access network technology, which can help diversify and3659strengthen our domestic supply chain so that we are not overly3660reliant on one or two vendors. And I think it can help increase3661security, competition, and ultimately reduce the cost of3662providing these networks in the first place.3663    Senator Blunt Rochester. I am a big supporter as well on3664strengthening our supply chains. We actually have a Cantwell,3665Blackburn, Blunt Rochester Bill. I like to call those my3666strange bedfellows bills where we come together on these issues3667that we know are going to affect all of us. I want to also3668discuss the potential security concerns about 6G, particularly3669given, again, the flaws in 4G and 5G networks, such as a study3670finding that 100 percent of 4G networks were susceptible to3671denial of service attacks, and 5G being vulnerable to network3672attacks. I know this is an easy one. So maybe it is a yes or3673no. Will you prioritize cybersecurity for 6G networks?3674    Ms. Trusty. Yes, Senator.3675    Senator Blunt Rochester. And what other potential measures3676do you think the FCC can take to best secure 6G networks in3677particular?3678    Ms. Trusty. You know, I think this, a lot of this can be3679done through AI. I am really excited about the development of3680the technology, and I think there are tremendous use cases in3681not only detecting fraud and scams, but securing the network3682itself. So if I am confirmed, I would look to leverage3683artificial intelligence in these ways.3684    Senator Blunt Rochester. You kind of preempted my next3685question, which deals with so many Americans. It is estimated3686that around four million--or four billion robocalls are made3687per month. In fact, Delaware, while we are the first state, I3688do not like the fact that we are the first state in robocall3689complaints. I think I probably received four of them while I3690was sitting here. And there is now this AI-powered grandparent3691scams.3692    Back when I was in the House, as I mentioned, some of the3693legislation I introduced, but we had one on the Fraud and Scam3694Reduction Act, to help tackle scams that target seniors. And I3695encouraged the FCC--I am encouraged that they now cover AI3696voice calls under the TCPA. And last year, now Chair Carr3697supported requiring callers to disclose, upfront, to consumers3698when they receive an AI-generated call. Do you support3699requiring callers to disclose to consumers when it is an AI-3700generated call?3701    Ms. Trusty. I certainly think that can be helpful in3702protecting consumers from illegal robocallers, Senator.3703    Senator Blunt Rochester. And I will say consumer protection3704is one of the areas that we are very much focused on. Should3705you be confirmed, we would like to continue to work with you on3706that.3707    And Mr. Isaacman, we had a very good conversation as well.3708I will be submitting questions for the record because I respect3709the Chairman's time. So I yield back.3710    The Chairman. Thank you. Senator Young.37113712                 STATEMENT OF HON. TODD YOUNG,3713                   U.S. SENATOR FROM INDIANA37143715    Senator Young. Well, thank you both for being here today.3716Mr. Isaacson--Isaacman, rather, the U.S. economy, national3717defense infrastructure, they all rely on satellites extensively3718these days, for GPS, for weather, for communications purposes,3719for surveillance, and much more. So a collision or a loss of3720key satellites could result in even catastrophic national3721security and economic costs. As you know, the TraCSS system,3722Traffic Coordination System for Space was launched in 2024. It3723is being developed to provide situational awareness data across3724civil, military, and commercial sectors.3725    Mr. Isaacman, if confirmed, how would you ensure that NASA3726coordinates with the Department of Commerce and DOD on space3727situational awareness, and space traffic management efforts?3728    Mr. Isaacman. Senator, thank you very much for the3729question. This is a subject that I am pretty passionate about.3730My two missions to space, the number one risk we faced was from3731orbital debris. For starters, I think NASA absolutely will play3732a role. As you know, this new frontier continues to open, and3733ideally, we have lots of space stations, and lots of activity,3734and a great, flourishing economic environment in space, I3735believe all of the information that we can gather from our3736assets on space debris should be funneled into a single mission3737control that has the ultimate situational awareness.3738    But I have to say also, the biggest threat, Senator, is3739what we cannot track, what is so tiny, the millimeter-size3740objects at orbital velocity that can shred a satellite or a3741spacecraft. And in that respect, we have to stop adding to the3742problem.3743    The United States is very good at not adding to the3744problem. I cannot say that is the same for some of our3745geopolitical rivals, sir.3746    Senator Young. Maybe you could speak with a little more3747specificity about the gravity of the problem. Paint the picture3748for those who might be watching these proceedings about how3749extensive this challenge has become. I will just let you take3750it from there.3751    Mr. Isaacman. Senator, absolutely. A lot of people think of3752whether it is a discarded second stage in orbit or a defunct3753satellite as the problem. We know where they are, and we can3754have trajectories that avoid them. The issue is the speck of3755paint that falls off that satellite that is now traveling at375617,500 miles an hour and can collide with another object going375717,500 miles an hour.3758    I had an opportunity to visit the NASA facility, the White3759Sands Missile Range, and see what a one- and two-millimeter3760piece of aluminum does at near orbital velocities, and I can3761tell you what it penetrates through is pretty--it is eye-3762opening, to say the least.3763    It is an issue. We certainly need to do all we can to avoid3764any sort of kinetic conflict in low Earth orbit, to stop adding3765to the problem. Again, I think the United States does a3766fantastic job at doing this. We need to work really hard to3767make sure others, maybe less responsible actors do not add to3768the problem.3769    Senator Young. Well, I would like to work with you on this3770challenge, should you be confirmed, as I believe you will be.3771So clearly, you are conversant in it, and it sounds like you3772will be prioritizing this.3773    Ms. Trusty, the FCC's International Bureau Telecom and3774Analysis Division, TAD, issues licenses to own and operate3775submarine cables and associated landing stations in the United3776States. Commercial undersea telecom cables carry approximately377799 percent of transoceanic digital communication, serving as a3778physical backbone for our internet. Since 2022, Russia has3779stepped up its attacks on this infrastructure. In 2023, Yi Peng37803, a Chinese tanker that had previously departed a Russian3781port, cut two Baltic Sea cables.3782    You know, incidents like this we are reading about them on3783a regular basis these days. Ms. Trusty, what steps is the FCC's3784TAD Office taking to protect undersea cable infrastructure and3785the sensitive data and information transmitted across undersea3786cables every day?3787    Ms. Trusty. Thank you, Senator, for the question. I think3788this is such an important issue. I focused a lot on it during3789my time on the Armed Services Committee. This is such an3790important part of our critical infrastructure, and I think we3791need to do more to secure it. As you mentioned, the FCC works3792closely with Team Telecom to review and approve undersea cable3793applications. I think we can promote more transparency in our3794foreign ownership in these undersea cables, so we have a better3795sense of what the risk might be.3796    I also think we should try to promote more U.S.-led3797undersea cable projects so that we can eliminate the risks3798entirely. In addition to that, I think exploring the3799diversification of undersea cable routes to ensure that there3800is no single point of failure to the extent an undersea cable3801is disrupted. But I think, as a protective measure, we should3802work on strengthening our disaster recovery and emergency3803response plans, given that some of these cables are so3804vulnerable to exploitation.3805    If I am confirmed, Senator, this would be a priority of3806mine.3807    Senator Young. My office will follow up with you on some of3808your answers for further elaboration, but I do get the sense3809you are very much dialed into this. I will just make one last3810comment, knowing that we have colleagues waiting.3811    Setting standards, Ms. Trusty, at the FCC through3812international governing bodies is increasingly important. I3813think we have been outflanked over the years by the Chinese in3814particular, but also by others. We need to develop a unified3815position here at the Federal level between the FCC, and state,3816and the NTIA, and various other entities so that we can3817prioritize this moving forward. So we will follow up with a3818question for the record about that as well.3819    Mr. Chairman.3820    The Chairman. Thank you. Senator Duckworth.38213822              STATEMENT OF HON. TAMMY DUCKWORTH,3823                  U.S. SENATOR FROM ILLINOIS38243825    Senator Duckworth. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. As Ranking3826Member of the Aviation and Space Subcommittee, I am looking3827forward to getting a bipartisan NASA reauthorization done to3828make sure that NASA is able to execute its mission with a3829consistent vision and congressional support, free of undue3830influence from any temporary government employees.3831    According to the Global Counterspace Capabilities Report3832published this month, the PRC is rapidly advancing a broad3833spectrum of counterspace capabilities as part of a sustained3834push to secure military power in orbit and expand their3835presence in space. The PRC has also started building its second3836satellite Internet constellation in low Earth orbit and has3837committed to continued human presence in LEO at its Tiangong3838space station.3839    More than ever, NASA's missions need to be consistent and3840laser focused, and avoid major subversions of mission3841priorities and diversion of funds, not only for our global3842space leadership but also for our national security.3843    I am going to, Mr. Isaacman, ask you a couple of yes/no3844questions, but first, I just want to say that a sustained human3845presence in low Earth orbit is crucial for advancing scientific3846research, testing technologies for future deep space missions,3847and fostering a thriving economy and global leadership, as LEO3848serves as a unique environment for research, development, and3849training due to its microgravity environment.3850    By supporting extended human operations in LEO, NASA can3851test exploration systems, conduct human research, and maintain3852operational expertise vital for missions on the Moon and to3853Mars. These are not things that can be done by machine alone,3854and a gap in our human presence in LEO will likely result in3855ceding our leadership to the PRC.3856    Mr. Isaacman, do you support maintaining continuous human3857presence in low Earth orbit?3858    Mr. Isaacman. I do, Senator. I think if reusability has3859given us anything, it is a very affordable path to send3860American astronauts to and from low Earth orbit.3861    Senator Duckworth. Thank you. Elon Musk has suggested that3862the International Space Station's strategic value has run its3863course and should be deorbited as soon as possible to focus on3864a mission to Mars. For the last--and that is quote, he said,3865``As soon as possible.'' For the last 26 years, the strategic3866value of the International Space Station has been invaluable,3867serving as a beacon of the United States' global leadership and3868a symbol of what we can accomplish through international3869cooperation.3870    Funnily enough, although I do not think it is very funny at3871all, SpaceX has been awarded the contract to deorbit the3872International Space Station. Mr. Isaacman, do you believe there3873is still utility in maintaining a U.S. presence on the ISS, at3874least through 2030, as currently planned?3875    Mr. Isaacman. Senator, as I mentioned in my prepared3876remarks, I think we need to use up every bit of life that is3877remaining on the International Space Station so we can crack3878the code on the space economy and better hand off those3879responsibilities to commercial industry. I am familiar with Mr.3880Musk's remarks in that. I do think he is a very accomplished3881entrepreneur. I would like to understand his rationale behind3882that. Just as I think, you know, Administrator Webb would want3883to hear from all of the commercial contract leaders from the38841960s during the space race.3885    Senator Duckworth. But you do not think that we should3886deorbit the ISS now?3887    Mr. Isaacman. I do not think we should deorbit it now. I3888think we need to make the most use of the space station while3889we have it, and figure out what we can accomplish in the unique3890environment of microgravity, and figure out the space economy3891for Commercial LEO.3892    Senator Duckworth. Thank you. The Artemis program is3893critical in our effort to return to the Moon, and returning to3894the Moon is seen as a stepping stone for broader human3895exploration, and critical for scientific discovery, advancing3896technology, and as a necessary preparation for eventually3897progressing to human missions to Mars. I know a few of my3898colleagues already today have tried to get a specific answer3899out of you, but you have avoided directly answering them today.3900So I ask again.3901    Mr. Isaacman, do you support maintaining NASA's long-term3902mission to maintaining--maintaining NASA's long-term mission to3903maintain a human activity on the Moon?3904    Mr. Isaacman. Senator, and I am sorry if I am not sounding3905clear on this. I think it is imperative that we do both. I3906think that is what NASA was created to do. I would love nothing3907more than to see this crew get around the Moon, for us to land3908on the Moon, figure out its scientific, economic, national3909security value, while we are also charting a course in line3910with President Trump's vision for American astronauts to plant3911the stars and stripes on Mars.3912    Senator Duckworth. So you think we can do both3913simultaneously?3914    Mr. Isaacman. I mean, we do multiple flagship scientific3915missions at NASA. We maintain a presence in LEO where we are3916undertaking dozens of scientific experiments at once. I think3917we can, ma'am.3918    Senator Duckworth. Do you think we can maintain a mission--3919a presence on the Moon and a mission to Mars simultaneously?3920    Mr. Isaacman. I think we can do the Moon, and Mars, and3921beyond.3922    Senator Duckworth. OK. You know, whatever we can do to3923support the space program, I am on board. I just have one final3924question, I am asking all the Trump nominees: If given an3925illegal or unconstitutional order by President Trump or your3926superiors, would you oppose it?3927    Mr. Isaacman. I do not think President Trump would give an3928illegal order, but I would follow the law, ma'am.3929    Senator Duckworth. And you would oppose--if he were?3930    Mr. Isaacman. I do not believe the President would give me3931an illegal order, ma'am.3932    Senator Duckworth. OK, that is fine. But if given an3933illegal or unconstitutional order, will you oppose it?3934    Mr. Isaacman. I will always follow the law, ma'am.3935    Senator Duckworth. So is that a yes? You will oppose an3936illegal order if given one by either the President or your3937superiors?3938    Mr. Isaacman. Senator, I will always follow the law.3939    Senator Duckworth. I am out of time, Mr. Chairman.3940    The Chairman. Senator Moreno.39413942               STATEMENT OF HON. BERNIE MORENO,3943                    U.S. SENATOR FROM OHIO39443945    Senator Moreno. I will start with you, Mrs. Trusty. Thank3946you so much for taking the time in my office. We did not know3947each other before meeting with you. Your parents are beaming3948with pride, which I love to see, with good reason. You are3949somebody who has an incredibly great temperament, incredible3950intellect, and I cannot think of somebody more qualified to do3951your job, honestly.3952    The one question I have for you is, there is a scourge of3953robocalls, it creates enormous amounts of scammers. Seniors are3954getting bilked of their life savings. How would you use3955advanced technologies to put an end to this?3956    Ms. Trusty. Thank you, Senator. I really appreciate this3957question, because you are right. I worry about the3958susceptibility of our youth and seniors to robocall scams. And3959I really worry about how illegal robocallers, as we just3960discussed, are leveraging artificial intelligence to get around3961call authentication measures.3962    So I think, generally, the FCC could benefit from stronger3963enforcement authorities and penalties to go after illegal3964robocallers. I also think the FCC can continue its work in3965working with international counterparts as well as state3966attorneys generals to go after these fraudsters. But I think we3967need to discuss more proactive call-blocking measures so that3968these calls never reach the end user. So again, I think3969artificial intelligence is the key here.3970    Senator Moreno. Well, thank you, and I cannot wait to have3971you in that agency taking care of it.3972    Ms. Trusty. Yes, sir.3973    Senator Moreno. And I am sure you will. And again, thank3974you for serving this country.3975    Ms. Trusty. Thank you, sir.3976    Senator Moreno. Mr. Isaacson [sic], I am sure with your3977deep intellect that you know that the Aircraft Engine Research3978Laboratory in Cleveland, Ohio, was created 17 years before NASA3979was created. And there is a sign when you walk, or when drive3980into the center that says ``For the Benefit of All''; what does3981that mean to you?3982    Mr. Isaacman. Well, Senator, I do believe that NASA's3983mission is to undertake the near impossible, to solve the most3984demanding, complex engineering challenges to bring the3985commercial--so the commercial industry can follow, and to bring3986the rest of the world along the way.3987    Senator Moreno. And that is something that I am sure you3988have a passion, a deep passion, to make sure that we are always3989the leader; is that correct?3990    Mr. Isaacman. A hundred percent, Senator.3991    Senator Moreno. And just for the record, could you give me3992a sense of the scale of difficulty it was for you as a kid, if3993I can say that, as a teenager, to create a company that would3994become as successful as yours? Give me the scale of difficulty,3995and kind of some of--give me one example of a deep challenge3996you faced making that happen that you thought maybe was not3997possible?3998    Mr. Isaacman. Senator, there is a--there was certainly a3999lot of ups and downs over the last 26 years. I would say4000probably some of the earliest challenges, although, I mean, as4001a company that went through the Dot-com, the Great Recession,4002the pandemic, we certainly had our fair share of obstacles4003along the way. Probably some of the hardest was the earliest4004days, Senator, where we tried to grow through our own cash-4005flows, which is always a challenge. And I was 16 years old, so4006I had to make sure I hid myself from any trade shows, or in-4007person meetings. Occasionally someone would show up at the4008house for a meeting, and my father fortunately took that for4009me.4010    Senator Moreno. It is always hard to meet underachievers.4011So congratulations on that. How will you use that skill set at4012a complex organization like NASA?4013    Mr. Isaacman. Senator, NASA is an extraordinary agency, and4014they are the most accomplished, well-respected space agency in4015the world. I want to do whatever I can and work alongside the4016best and brightest to continue that. I do suspect there are4017some things that I have learned through running two successful4018businesses over the last two--you know, more than two decades4019that I think I can help bring to the Agency.4020    I would love to roll up my sleeves, figure out what is4021being--what are the challenges we have from a program4022management perspective that are causing everything to take4023longer than it should, and cost more than it should. I would4024like to instill a very strong mission-first culture at the4025Agency, that if we can execute on our mission and get to the4026Moon, get to Mars, and all the other things, the inspiration,4027the STEM education will all take care of itself.4028    A culture of ownership and accountability, that when we4029make mistakes, we own them, we fix them, and we get back to4030delivering on their important objectives.4031    Senator Moreno. Well, thank you for that. And I have one4032last question.4033    Ms. Trusty, one hundred percent unequivocal support from4034me. I hope to see my Democrat colleagues join us and see if we4035can get as many votes for you as humanly possible.4036    But for Mr. Isaacson [sic], I have one question. It does4037hinge for me, the entirety of whether I can support your4038nomination or not. Who is the most important character in the4039movie Armageddon?4040    Mr. Isaacman. Clearly Bruce Willis, for the important self-4041sacrifice for all mankind, sir.4042    Senator Moreno. Let the record show he did not say Dan4043Truman, which makes me wonder of his judgment. But I will still4044reserve my vote for you.4045    The Chairman. Thank you, Senator Moreno. I would note that4046when you were describing the motto ``For the Benefit of All''4047at the facility in Ohio, I thought you were going to reference4048the phrase ``To Serve Man'', the classic Twilight Zone episode4049that ends with ``It is a cookbook. It is a cookbook.''4050    Senator Markey.40514052               STATEMENT OF HON. EDWARD MARKEY,4053                U.S. SENATOR FROM MASSACHUSETTS40544055    Senator Markey. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.4056    Ms. Trusty, congratulations on your nomination. As you4057know, I authored the E-Rate, E for Education, program in the4058House of Representatives as part of the Telecommunications Act4059of 1996, because I believed then, and I believe now, that4060access to education should not depend on your ZIP code. Thanks4061to the E-Rate, thousands of schools in the United States now4062have high-speed Internet access. That is millions of students4063who can research, learn, and grow with the tools they need to4064succeed in the 21st century economy. Do you agree that the E-4065Rate program has been a success?4066    Ms. Trusty. Senator, thank you. Yes, I agree that E-Rate4067has been an important part of making sure students are4068connected across the country.4069    Senator Markey. Student education has changed a lot since I4070created the E-Rate program nearly 30 years ago. Today, learning4071often extends outside the schoolhouse, putting many low-income4072and rural students who lack Internet access at home at a4073serious disadvantage. Do you agree that having access to high-4074speed broadband at home is important for students and educators4075in our modern educational environment?4076    Ms. Trusty. Certainly, Senator. I think having access to4077broadband at home, at school, everywhere across the country, is4078important.4079    Senator Markey. And do you agree that a predictable funding4080source for E-Rate is critical for schools and libraries to stay4081connected?4082    Ms. Trusty. Yes, Senator. The Communications Act requires a4083specific, predictable, and sufficient funding source for4084Universal Service.4085    Senator Markey. Thank you. Now, let us turn to a different4086issue. Over the past few months, Chairman Carr has taken a4087series of steps to attack broadcasters over their news4088programming. He pressured CBS to release a transcript of an4089interview with Vice President Harris that supposedly contained4090evidence of deceptive editing.4091    When the transcript clearly refuted that allegation,4092Chairman Carr still opened a docket to accept public comments4093on it. He has taken similarly baseless steps against ABC and4094NBC, and he opened an investigation into the underwriting4095practices of public broadcasters without citing any evidence of4096wrongdoing.4097    Taken together, these actions indicate a Chairman intent on4098weaponizing the FCC's legal authorities for ideological and4099partisan purposes.4100    Ms. Trusty, I understand you cannot comment on open4101proceedings, so I will ask generally. Do you agree that the FCC4102should not open or conduct investigations for political4103purposes?4104    Ms. Trusty. Yes, Senator. I agree with that.4105    Senator Markey. If asked to vote on an investigation or4106enforcement matter that violates the First Amendment, will you4107vote against that matter?4108    Ms. Trusty. So Senator, I do not want to speculate on4109something that has not happened yet. But what I can tell you4110is----4111    Senator Markey. If it is a violation of the First4112Amendment, will you vote against it?4113    Ms. Trusty. What I can tell you is, I firmly believe in the4114First Amendment. And I will not do anything to violate it.4115    Senator Markey. OK, that is what I wanted to hear, and I am4116glad to hear that you will take that position. And I am going4117to be closely monitoring the Commission's work to ensure that4118it complies with the First Amendment. Thank you.4119    Mr. Isaacman, you have deep personal and financial ties to4120Elon Musk. You have invested tens of millions of dollars in4121SpaceX. You have paid millions of dollars to SpaceX for two4122private space flights. Your payments company, Shift4, has an4123ongoing, ``global strategic partnership'' with Starlink worth4124millions each year.4125    And according to a recent Wall Street Journal report, Musk4126personally asked you to lead NASA. Given SpaceX's significant4127interest before NASA, you can understand why the public would4128be concerned about conflicts of interest here. So let us try to4129set a few things straight. I understand that you met with Elon4130Musk at Mar-a-Lago in late 2024; is that correct?4131    Mr. Isaacman. No, Senator. I was in Mar-a-Lago to be4132interviewed by the President of the United States.4133    Senator Markey. So you did not meet with Elon Musk at Mar-4134a-Lago?4135    Mr. Isaacman. I went to Mar-a-Lago to be interviewed by the4136President of the United States----4137    Senator Markey. I did not ask you that. Did you meet with4138Elon Musk at Mar-a-Lago?4139    Mr. Isaacman. I believe he was one of dozens of people that4140were around Mar-a-Lago at the time, Senator.4141    Senator Markey. So did you meet with him?4142    Mr. Isaacman. I would not say we had a meeting. We probably4143had a conversation in passing, Senator.4144    Senator Markey. OK. During that same trip, then President-4145elect Trump offered you the NASA Administrator job; is that4146correct?4147    Mr. Isaacman. At the conclusion of the meeting, Senator, he4148did.4149    Senator Markey. Thank you. Was Elon Musk in your meeting4150when Trump offered you the NASA position at Mar-a-Lago?4151    Mr. Isaacman. Senator, I was interviewed by the President4152of the United States.4153    Senator Markey. Was Elon Musk in the meeting when he4154offered you the job?4155    Mr. Isaacman. Senator, my meeting was with the President of4156the United States.4157    Senator Markey. So Elon Musk was not in the meeting; is4158that what you are saying?4159    Mr. Isaacman. Senator, I was being interviewed and speaking4160with the President of the United States.4161    Senator Markey. Can you just say he was not in the meeting?4162Was he in the meeting or not in the meeting?4163    Mr. Isaacman. Senator, I am trying to be as transparent as4164I can. I was being interviewed by the President of the United4165States.4166    Senator Markey. It is not a difficult question. Was Elon4167Musk in the room when the President offered you the job?4168    Mr. Isaacman. Senator, I was--again, my meeting was with4169the President of the United States.4170    Senator Markey. I am assuming that you do not want to4171answer the question directly because Elon Musk was in the room.4172I think that is the only conclusion anyone listening to this4173could reach, unless you want to dispel us of that notion.4174    Mr. Isaacman. Senator, again, I was being interviewed by4175the President of the United States. I would also say I have4176no----4177    Senator Markey. That is not what--I appreciate that. I am4178just trying to determine Elon Musk's role in this, and you are4179not willing to be fully transparent. Have you discussed your4180plans for NASA with Elon Musk?4181    Mr. Isaacman. I have not.4182    Senator Markey. So those questions obviously raise serious4183questions. And I want to turn to one more specific question.4184From monitoring sea level rise to polar ice loss, to wildfires,4185NASA's satellites are the backbone of climate research used by4186scientists, policymakers, and the public across the globe.4187NASA's Earth Observing System collects and archives more than4188147 terabytes of data each day. This data underpins climate4189action efforts at every level of the government, and it drives4190global research collaborations, and it informs life-saving4191disaster response.4192    It is a public good. Yet the Trump administration is4193seeking to undermine that. A recent investigation found that4194large swaths of climate datasets, visualizations, and web4195tools, once publicly accessible, have been altered or taken4196down. This unprecedented rollback of public information4197compromises scientific continuity and transparency at a time of4198accelerating climate threats and extreme weather events.4199    If confirmed, will you commit to fully restoring and4200maintaining access to data, as well as resisting any political4201pressure to sideline climate research at NASA?4202    Mr. Isaacman. Senator, I can tell you I am very passionate4203about the Earth Sciences Division inside of NASA, especially4204with respect to anything that has impact on human life and the4205financial repercussions for remediating things such as4206wildfires, landslides, flooding. Earth Sciences also, it plays4207a big role in----4208    Senator Markey. But will you----4209    Mr. Isaacman.--near-earth asteroid protection.4210    Senator Markey. But will you make a commitment to restore4211all of that information so that it is available to the public?4212It is vital scientific information.4213    Mr. Isaacman. Senator, I have not been made aware of any4214information that is not being provided. I mean, I am just not4215familiar with any of these changes, Senator.4216    Senator Markey. I am very disappointed in your question4217[sic]. All this information is vital to getting the information4218into the hands of scientists and ultimately ordinary citizens4219too.4220    The Chairman. Thank you, Senator Markey.4221    Senator Markey. And I appreciate your indulgence, Mr.4222Chairman.4223    The Chairman. Mr. Isaacman, in response to Senator4224Duckworth, you said multiple times you will follow the law.4225Under every circumstance, you will follow the law. I appreciate4226that commitment.4227    I want to go back and revisit the exchange you had with4228Senator Kim, because one component of the law, you have said,4229and I am glad to hear it, that under your leadership, America4230will beat China back to the Moon. That is important. But the4231law is clear beyond simply going to the Moon, that is part of4232it; that going to the Moon shall be a stepping stone for4233further exploration of Mars. The ultimate objective is Mars,4234but going to the Moon is critical.4235    The law also specifies explicitly, ``The Administrator4236shall'', and when legislation uses the word ``shall'', it4237denotes a mandatory obligation, ``The Administrator shall4238establish a program to develop a sustained human presence in4239cislunar space or on the Moon.'' With respect to Senator Kim4240you were reluctant to commit on a sustained human presence on4241the Moon. Could you clarify your view on that to this4242committee?4243    Mr. Isaacman. Well, Senator, as a space enthusiast, I would4244like nothing more, as I have said before, to see a number of4245lunar outposts, and Mars outposts, and for us to even progress4246farther out into our solar system. If we have--if we are in an4247unlimited budgetary environment and can maintain an ongoing4248presence on the lunar surface, I am more than supportive of it.4249I think it is imperative that we have to get back to the Moon4250first as quickly as we possibly can, figure out again the4251scientific, economic, national security value to being there,4252which I am very hopeful that we are going to find in order to4253support the ongoing presence on the lunar surface, sir.4254    The Chairman. So the statute is written in the disjunctive.4255It gives the choice of either the surface of the Moon or4256cislunar orbit; what is your view on the Gateway project?4257    Mr. Isaacman. Senator, that is an area that if I am4258confirmed, I would, again, would love to roll up my sleeves and4259get--further understand what is working right? What are the4260opportunities the Gateway presents to us? And where are some of4261the challenges? Because I think the Gateway is a component of4262many programs that are over budget and behind schedule, sir.4263    The Chairman. So you are describing Gateway as over budget4264and behind schedule. I will say there is a long history in NASA4265of administrations coming in and canceling programs and causing4266massive delays. Barack Obama did that with Constellation, and4267NASA struggled for years as a consequence. As Administrator,4268are you going to cancel the Gateway program?4269    Mr. Isaacman. Senator, I have no intention as of now to say4270that I would cancel any program. I need to, if I am confirmed,4271get in the job and understand where things are at. I want to4272assure you and this Committee that I want to see America win4273and succeed and lead in space, whether that be the Moon, Mars,4274low Earth orbit, and beyond. I do not want to see us come in4275second place, and I certainly do not want to see the right-hand4276side of that poster you put up, sir.4277    The Chairman. So I want to ask you again, because you have4278said you will follow the law. Are you committed to a sustained4279human presence in cislunar space or on the Moon, and that is4280Federal Statute?4281    Mr. Isaacman. Senator, if that is the law then I am4282committed to it.4283    The Chairman. OK. All right. Let us talk LEO. The4284International Space Station is managed at Johnson Space Center4285in Houston, Texas. NASA is planning to retire the ISS by 2030,4286replacing it with one or more commercially developed space4287stations, funded partially by NASA and partially by outside4288customers. Unfortunately, both NASA and commercial replacements4289are behind schedule. Do you agree that we cannot have a gap4290period between the ISS and its successor, when there would be4291zero human U.S. presence in low Earth orbit?4292    Mr. Isaacman. I do agree, Senator. We cannot cede low Earth4293orbit to the Chinese.4294    The Chairman. Now, I would note, in the first Trump4295administration, there were those in the administration pushing4296to deorbit the International Space Station prematurely. Given4297that we have invested over $100 billion dollars in the station,4298I think that would be profoundly foolish to give up on that4299investment as long as it is safe to continue using it. After4300the administration floated this idea multiple times, the U.S.4301Senate passed legislation that I authored, 100 to nothing.4302Every Republican and every senator came through, committing4303that we would maintain the International Space Station at least4304until 2030, as long as it is safe and scientifically feasible.4305Will you commit to follow the law and not deorbit the space4306station before 2030?4307    Mr. Isaacman. Senator, I will absolutely commit to follow4308the law, and I think we need to maximize the return that4309taxpayers have invested in that orbital laboratory, use every4310bit of time we have to crack the code on the space economy, and4311give Commercial LEO destinations a fighting chance when they4312inevitably take over, sir.4313    The Chairman. Ms. Trusty, it has been 2 years since the FCC4314lost general auction authority, and 3 years since the last4315meaningful auction of Spectrum. The Spectrum Pipeline Act,4316which I introduced with Leader Thune and with Senator Blackburn4317last year, would restore the FCC's auction authority and would4318establish a clear pipeline of mid-band spectrum for commercial4319use.4320    Ms. Trusty, should Congress restore the FCC's general4321auction authority with a clear pipeline of mid-band spectrum?4322    Ms. Trusty. Yes, Senator, and to the extent it accommodates4323both our economic and national security interests, I believe it4324can.4325    The Chairman. So what would be the benefits of restoring4326the auction authority with a clear pipeline of mid-band4327spectrum?4328    Ms. Trusty. Thank you, Senator. I think there would be4329tremendous economic benefits: job creation, workforce4330productivity, the expansion of broadband services across the4331country, I also think it is foundational to our leadership4332internationally on global technologies.4333    The Chairman. As you know, the Department of Defense has4334been highly resistant to giving up any Spectrum, and for a long4335time they have given a parade of horribles as to what would4336occur if any Spectrum moved to the commercial sector. I find4337that parade of horribles highly incredible and the result of4338bureaucratic intransigence. It is intransigence that began when4339General Milley was the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, and DOD4340chose a strategy of absolutely resisting and refusing to work4341on freeing up Spectrum.4342    I recently had a classified briefing, of which you are4343aware, where I asked two questions to the senior leadership at4344DOD and also senior leadership of the intelligence community.4345The first question I asked was: Over 50 countries across the4346planet have moved substantial portions of the Spectrum in4347question to the commercial sector, and they are being used4348presently for commercial purposes, is it DOD's position that4349our Navy does not operate in the Pacific, that we can only4350defend Topeka, Kansas, and the rest of the world, our military4351is unable to defend the United States?4352    You have unique expertise, having worked both on the4353Commerce Committee and the Senate Armed Services Committee. In4354your opinion, are we able to defend ourselves across the globe,4355even in areas where other countries have moved significant4356portions of Spectrum to be available for the commercial sector?4357    Ms. Trusty. Senator, I appreciate this question. So I will4358say I am not privy to all of DOD's Spectrum assets and4359capabilities, but I do think there is an opportunity to move4360forward on Spectrum policy that protects both our national4361security and advances our economic interests. And I think what4362that really requires is, like you said, having classified4363briefings or briefings in the public, where multiple4364stakeholder perspectives are represented to challenge positions4365on various matters. I think it promotes transparency, and it4366ensures, I think, there is more cohesion on Spectrum matters4367going forward.4368    The Chairman. The second question that I asked DOD that4369they had a totally insufficient answer to, was what would be4370the national security consequences, and I would add the4371economic security consequences, if America loses the race for43726G, and the global telecom architecture is built by Huawei and4373controlled by the Chinese communists, and every active duty4374serviceman and woman who has their own cell phone is now4375communicating over Chinese telecom infrastructure. In your4376judgment, what would be the economic interest and the national4377security interest if that occurred, if we lose the race to 6G?4378    Ms. Trusty. Senator, I think--I hope we could all agree4379that it would be devastating to our economic and national4380security interest if we had to be reliant on Chinese4381technologies.4382    The Chairman. Senator Cantwell.4383    Senator Cantwell. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I am glad I made4384it back. Ms. Trusty, you both look like you----4385    The Chairman. I did filibuster a little bit for you.4386    Senator Cantwell. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. I wanted4387to go back to that virtual multichannel video programming4388distribution issue at the FCC. I want to understand whether you4389think the FCC should reexamine and negotiate with online4390platforms the carriage of local news content. I am concerned4391that these large platforms, because of the way things have4392evolved with the affiliates kind of leaving the broadcasters to4393themselves, and yet they could have some ability.4394    Right now, I believe local broadcasting is holding us4395together in a lot of ways. It is a trusted source of content4396that people believe in. They believe their local news4397organization. They think that model probably would not exist if4398the community did not believe in the product, and so we do not4399want to lose that.4400    But as the digital age continue to evolve, and these4401products and services continue to evolve, like YouTube now4402being a dominant content distributor, then the ability to4403negotiate directly with them is a big revenue opportunity, if4404you will. So how do you look at that issue? Do you think that4405this should be looked at by the FCC and help level the playing4406field for local journalism?4407    Ms. Trusty. Senator, I do. So you know, to your point about4408localism, I think it is extremely important. Broadcasters4409provide vital news and information about social and cultural4410events, educational programming, and information in disasters.4411And I think it is incumbent upon the FCC to work with Congress4412to ensure we have a modern regulatory framework that reflects4413the realities of today's media marketplace, that enables4414broadcasters to better compete against technology companies for4415viewers, for ad revenues, for programming, all things that they4416can generate resources by to reinvest into their news gathering4417operations and increase the availability of local news.4418    Senator Cantwell. OK. And what do you think the best way4419for--I think they opened that case many years ago and then4420closed--then have not reopened it--or actually, technically, I4421am not sure about that. You probably know the answer.4422    Ms. Trusty. I think the----4423    Senator Cantwell. It is probably like in quasi-land, where4424you could just easily reopen it; is that right?4425    Ms. Trusty. Well, I think it is still open before the4426Commission. I am happy to take a look at it, if confirmed. I4427know that it has been a question on your mind for the past4428couple of FCC nominations hearings, but I think it is an4429important issue, Senator. I am happy to take a look at it and4430ask the questions.4431    Senator Cantwell. Right, but you think it should be4432relooked at, is that----4433    Ms. Trusty. I am certainly happy to take a look at it.4434    Senator Cantwell. Yes. Yes. OK. And then I cannot even--OK.4435I am sure you believe in the First Amendment. I am sure you4436believe in not weaponizing--making sure that we have a free4437press, back to this broadband issue. As we have continued to4438allocate resources and look to the FCC, what do you think the4439best thing the FCC could do now to put more clarity behind the4440shortfall in broadband inequities?4441    Ms. Trusty. So I think when we talk about broadband4442inequities, I think about affordability and adoption. And so4443with respect to affordability, I think we can promote more4444competition, embrace more technologies. I think when you have4445more choice in the marketplace that helps to reduce the cost of4446the service.4447    I also think we can focus on removing regulatory barriers4448that might impede broadband deployment or raise the cost of4449broadband deployment. If those regulatory barriers are out of4450the way, I also think that can reduce costs for consumers. Of4451course, we have the Lifeline program as well. So as the4452Committee is looking at potential reforms to USF, perhaps there4453is an opportunity to make adjustments to better target those4454services to communities in need.4455    I would also speak to digital literacy programs. I know4456that the private industry and public interest groups have4457programs of that sort to help people understand how to maximize4458the benefit of this technology in their lives.4459    Senator Cantwell. And what about the mapping? You know4460that--I mean, I think we might probably even have shared with4461you that Microsoft data that they came up with, which can tell4462you by household who does not have broadband.4463    Ms. Trusty. Absolutely. I think maps are foundational to4464closing the digital divide. And we have the Broadband Data Act,4465but of course there is always room for improvement, so if I am4466confirmed, I would welcome the opportunity to work with private4467sector stakeholders, like your own constituents, to better4468improve the maps.4469    Senator Cantwell. Well, I think it could help us elevate a4470conversation into what are the choices that we could have if we4471really understood that people at $40,000 of income probably4472aren't buying broadband, which means their kids, from a school4473perspective and other things, might not be getting the access4474that we want. And then obviously the impact it has on4475communities.4476    And then back to the Spectrum. I listened to what you said4477earlier, even though I have been running in and out at various4478votes, that you believe that the DOD side of this equation4479needs to be thought through, that your experience here and then4480your experience there gave you two different viewpoints on4481this. How do you think the FCC could best help in resolving4482this issue?4483    How do we--let me say it differently. Ten or fifteen years4484ago, we probably would have said the FCC is the undisputed4485scientific leader. You know, you would go to your scientist and4486you would say, this is what they say about interference, right?4487But now the world has changed, and we have so much more on the4488technology front. And now we have agencies disputing each4489other, right; DOD and FAA, or various things.4490    How do you think you can reassert the FCC's scientific4491leadership on this issue when so much of the conversation ends4492up happening, you know, downstairs in a secure briefing room?4493    Ms. Trusty. Sure. I appreciate this question. I think this4494is probably the heart of the issue that engineers do not agree4495on interference metrics, among other things. So this is where I4496think the FCC, NTIA, MOU, memorandum of understanding could4497probably come into play.4498    Senator Cantwell. The one that they just did, or you mean a4499new one?4500    Ms. Trusty. Maybe a new one.4501    Senator Cantwell. OK.4502    Ms. Trusty. That is updated and reflects some of these4503other considerations. Maybe we have to hire more engineers and4504technical people to help address this issue, who have4505experience in both camps as well. So those are, potentially,4506some ideas to address this.4507    Senator Cantwell. And then what about the secure nature of4508this? I am pretty sure, Mr. Isaacman--it is interesting you are4509here together. It has made it harder for all of us because4510there is a lot--there are ample questions to ask both of you.4511But you are an intersection of a very big, important, what is,4512not just a communication system but is a vulnerability for4513national security if we do not get it right. And so I think Mr.4514Isaacman can tell you how broad he thinks this is going to go4515in the future, the constellations, not just the LEOs that he is4516talking about, but how much more of this communication is going4517to happen through the satellite system and why we have to have4518this layer of security.4519    But do you have ideas that you think the FCC could do in4520listening more to the private sector--a framework by which the4521private sector and agencies could have more conversations about4522what the future looks like, and thereby, you know, find some4523more common ground?4524    Ms. Trusty. So I think this goes back to a conversation we4525had a little bit earlier about folks having clearances, because4526much of this information is classified or in a special access4527program, and it is very sensitive. And so I know that some4528people in the industry do have clearances, but to the extent we4529can bring those folks into the same room with Federal agencies4530to have these robust conversations about what the needs and4531interests are, what the objectives are, to try to find common4532ground, I think that is the most important thing here.4533    Senator Cantwell. I did not mean to engage you on this, but4534Mr. Isaacman, do you understand my point? That there is so much4535yet to still happen here, how do we get the dialogue toward the4536advancements that could happen when basically everybody needs a4537national security clearance, and yet at the same time give4538people an understanding of where we could come together?4539    Ms. Trusty, you do support the effort, the NTIA's report4540that DOD and NTIA should look at dynamic spectrum sharing; you4541do support that?4542    Ms. Trusty. Yes. I think we should be investing in dynamic4543spectrum sharing technologies.4544    Senator Cantwell. OK. Mr. Isaacman, any thoughts here?4545    Mr. Isaacman. Senator, I would not want to encroach on my4546nominee's clear command over the Spectrum here. I would say, at4547least through the lens of NASA, I am excited about what4548commercial industry is working on in terms of next-generation4549technology. My most recent mission to space, we tested out4550sending an awful lot of data securely over a laser link, a beam4551of light. I think that is a great way, at least from NASA's4552perspective, to not add to the demand problem with respect to4553the Spectrum.4554    Senator Cantwell. Um-hum. Well, I do think this will be one4555of the big challenges we face is how do we--if we want this4556leadership position, how do we think ahead? How do we get this4557conversation with the private sector, who is really doing a lot4558of that thinking, but also get the DOD part of it, and then get4559the dynamic spectrum part of it done correctly?4560    OK, well thank you both very much. Mr. Isaacman and Miss4561Trusty, I am going to ask you a final question required of all4562nominees: If confirmed, do you pledge to work collaboratively4563with this committee to provide thorough and timely responses to4564the Committee's request and appear before the Committee when4565requested?4566    Ms. Trusty. Yes, Senator,4567    Mr. Isaacman. I do, Senator.4568    Senator Cantwell. Thank you. I have letters of support from4569various organizations for Mr. Isaacman and Ms. Trusty's4570nomination that I would ask unanimous consent to be inserted4571into the record.4572    So, without objection, so ordered.4573    [The information referred to follows:]45744575    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]45764577    Senator Cantwell. Senators will have until the close of4578business Friday, April 11, to submit questions for the record.4579These nominees will have until the close of business Tuesday,4580April 15 to respond to these questions.4581    I thank Senator Cruz for allowing me to come back and ask4582these questions.4583    That concludes our hearing today. The Committee stands4584adjourned.4585    [Whereupon, at 12:58 p.m., the hearing was adjourned.]45864587                            A P P E N D I X45884589      Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Ted Cruz to4590                             Jared Isaacman4591    Question 1. Do you commit to providing NASA's initial reduction in4592force (RIF) plan, as submitted to OMB, to the Committee, if confirmed?4593    Answer. To the extent it is permissible, yes. Like all Federal4594departments and agencies, NASA operates within a government-wide4595framework and must adhere to OMB and White House guidance regarding RIF4596procedures.45974598    Question 2. Do you commit to providing all subsequent RIF plans to4599the Committee prior to executing them?4600    Answer. To the extent it is permissible, yes. Like all Federal4601departments and agencies, NASA operates within a government-wide4602framework and must adhere to OMB and White House guidance regarding RIF4603procedures.46044605    Question 3. In your testimony, you made several important points4606about the economics of space exploration. In particular, you emphasized4607the goal of a commercial low Earth orbit (LEO) economy and the need to4608understand the commercial potential of outer space beyond LEO. You4609promised that NASA would ``ignite a thriving space economy in low Earth4610orbit,'' discussed your desire to maximize the remaining life of the4611International Space Station (ISS), and said you would ``determine the4612economic . . . value'' of the lunar surface as part of your approach to4613lunar exploration.4614    Such economic analysis may prove challenging in part because NASA4615recently disbanded the Office of the Chief Economist at NASA4616headquarters, telling Committee staff that ``there is no intention to4617maintain the function of the chief economist at the agency, and no plan4618to transfer those functions within other elements of the agency.''4619Among other things, this office helped with cross-agency economic4620planning, conducted market assessments and economic analyses, and4621advised the Administrator on economic matters related to budget4622planning, program implementation and review, and procurement.46234624    a. Do you have a strategy for developing a robust space economy,4625particularly in LEO, where private investment, and not just NASA4626funding, sustains various space capabilities and activities? If so,4627please describe it.4628    Answer. Yes, hopefully I have been clear and passionate in my4629testimony and responses that unlocking the true space economy is4630imperative. After 60 years of space exploration, we're still largely4631operating under a government-funded model focused on launch,4632communications, and observation. It is not reasonable for taxpayers to4633perpetually fund the future we all envision for space.4634    If confirmed, my strategy starts with making the most of the ISS4635while it's deemed safe to operate. We need to prioritize science and4636research with real economic potential--particularly in biotech,4637pharmaceuticals, and advanced materials--to validate commercial use4638cases and give future LEO destinations the best possible chance of4639success. That is our best path to ``crack the code'' on the space4640economy.4641    Second, we need to remove the friction and bureaucracy that slows4642commercial progress. That means streamlining NASA's infrastructure4643access, rethinking how we engage with and `do business' private4644industry, and ensuring our funding models don't just subsidize activity4645but instead catalyze scalable, sustainable outcomes.46464647    b. If confirmed, do you intend to seek out any market assessments,4648economic analyses, or other financial or economic products to inform4649decision making at the agency? If yes, from where or whom will you4650obtain this information?4651    Answer. If confirmed, I would absolutely seek out credible economic4652and market analyses to inform decision-making at NASA--especially as we4653work to ignite a true space economy and ensure a responsible return on4654taxpayer investments.4655    That said, I would also like to understand the current resources4656and internal capabilities within the agency. I'm aware that certain4657economic offices or roles were recently dissolved, and I'd want to4658review that rationale and determine whether that expertise should be4659restored or supplemented.46604661    Question 4. During your hearing, you criticized the speed of NASA's4662return to the lunar surface, citing the cost and schedule overruns. You4663said the President and many Americans are probably asking, ``what's4664taking us so long to get back to the Moon and why does it cost so much4665money?'' As you know, the Apollo program was primarily about putting4666man on the Moon, not maintaining a sustained human presence there. In4667contrast, the Artemis program is intended to create a ``sustained human4668presence in cis-lunar space or on the Moon.'' (emphasis added)4669Similarly, the overarching Moon-to-Mars program is intended to ensure4670that the efforts and technologies of the Artemis program feed forward4671to manned missions to Mars. I am concerned about suggestions that the4672United States abandon the statutory requirement for NASA to maintain a4673material presence on or near the Moon. Congress was clear that the4674Artemis architecture is not to be retired or disbanded just because we4675have once again reached the Moon. Rather, Artemis and particularly4676Gateway are to serve as something akin to a forward operating base in4677space.46784679    a. In your own words, how do understand the term ``sustained human4680presence'' found in Sec. 20302 of Chapter 51, United States Code?4681    Answer. In my view, a ``sustained human presence'' means more than4682simply visiting or conducting one-off missions. It implies a continuous4683or regularly recurring physical presence that enables a broader4684strategic objective such as a scientific, economic or national security4685imperative.46864687    b. Do you believe a sustained human presence at or on the Moon is4688necessary to maintain American leadership in space?4689    Answer. As I stated during the hearing, I'm committed to following4690the law--and as a lifelong space enthusiast, I would like nothing more4691than to see lunar operations become continuous, enduring, and routine.4692That said, maintaining American leadership in space will require4693flexible policies that ensure clear scientific, economic, and strategic4694value for the American taxpayer and allow the agency, working with the4695Congress, to adapt to meet the ever changing geopolitical landscape.46964697    Question 5. During your hearing, several members of the Committee,4698including me, questioned you about whether NASA can meet its existing4699statutory obligations while simultaneously embarking on a new, dual-4700track mission to Mars under current budget levels. Do you believe that4701NASA--under current budget levels--can simultaneously have a continuous4702human presence in LEO through and beyond the life of the ISS as we4703transition to commercial LEO destinations (CLDs); establish a sustained4704human presence at the Moon; continue funding for other, existing4705complex science missions; and stand up a new manned mission to Mars?4706    Answer. Historically, NASA managed multiple complex human4707spaceflight programs simultaneously--Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo--4708alongside numerous exploration missions like Ranger, Surveyor, Pioneer,4709in an era with far less technological capability than we possess today.4710More than six decades later, with the advances in industry and4711innovation, I believe the world's premier space agency should be4712capable of executing multiple major initiatives at a time.4713    I believe pursuing both lunar and Martian objectives is not4714inherently cost-prohibitive nor expressly prohibited by existing4715Federal statute should such efforts not detract from the near-term4716objective of returning to the Moon first. There is meaningful hardware4717commonality across the existing Artemis Human Landing System (HLS)4718providers. For instance, both contractors are already required to4719validate reusable heavy-lift launch capabilities--technologies4720essential for transporting mass beyond low Earth orbit, whether toward4721the Moon or Mars. In fact, many of the technologies and capabilities4722NASA is already investing in--such as surface nuclear power systems,4723nuclear electric propulsion, and nuclear thermal propulsion--are highly4724relevant for Mars exploration, though they remain underfunded and4725subscale.47264727    Question 6. During the hearing, when asked by Senator Moran if you4728believe the current Artemis architecture, featuring the Space Launch4729System and Orion, is the best and fastest way to beat China to the4730Moon, you answered, ``I don't think it's the long-term way [SLS and4731Orion] to get to and from the Moon, and to Mars, with great frequency,4732but this is the plan we have now. . .''47334734    a. What do you envision as the long-term way to get to/from the4735Moon and Mars?4736    Answer. As I stated during the hearing, SLS is the current plan and4737the fastest way to send American astronauts back to the Moon ahead of4738our geopolitical rivals. And this is a race we can't risk losing. But4739once our initial lunar objectives have been met, I believe NASA should4740transition from competing with industry and focus again on what no4741other agency or organization is capable of accomplishing.4742    The commercial launch market is more capable than ever, with4743numerous American providers investing in heavy-lift capabilities. NASA4744should take advantage of that competition and eventually refocus its4745world-class talent and infrastructure on what no one else is doing:4746developing the next generation of exploration technologies. That4747includes nuclear-powered spacecraft, which I believe represent the4748logical next step for long-duration, deep space missions beyond Mars.47494750    b. What is the time-frame in which you believe NASA could begin4751executing the plan you describe?4752    Answer. Human Landing System (HLS) contractors are already4753developing heavy-lift capabilities as part of the Artemis program. As4754those vehicles prove themselves by supporting Artemis lunar missions,4755they will be well-positioned to take on greater responsibility for4756sustainable, affordable transport to the Moon and Mars.4757    Beyond just the existing HLS contractors, there are additional4758commercial providers investing in similar heavy-lift capabilities. As4759commercial readiness increases, NASA will have the opportunity4760eventually to transition away from government-owned heavy-lift launch4761and shift its focus toward enabling technologies for deep space4762exploration.47634764    Question 7. There has been much speculation in the media about the4765administration's rumored desire to move NASA Headquarters out of4766Washington, DC, and to a NASA field center. Will you commit to4767notifying me or my committee staff of any NASA plans to move4768Headquarters outside of Washington, DC, well ahead of an official4769announcement?4770    Answer. Yes.47714772    Question 8. NASA's Science Mission Directorate is responsible for4773the Mars Sample Return (MSR) mission and is managed by the Jet4774Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). The Mars Sample Return will be crucial for4775helping plan a manned mission to Mars. The astromaterials receiving4776facility at the Johnson Space Center will be responsible for receiving,4777processing, and housing these samples--as they do with all4778astromaterials--once they have returned to Earth. However, NASA has4779halted progress on the program after cost and schedule ballooned well4780beyond expectations. You have said you believe in commercialization and4781helping to spur the space economy. Currently, the commercial space4782company Rocket Lab has a proposal to manage MSR for less than half of4783the last estimate from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Do you4784commit to taking a hard look at whether MSR should be outsourced to4785industry, if confirmed?4786    Answer. Yes.47874788    Question 9. When we met in my office, you talked about potentially4789centralizing mission control and space traffic management. Currently,4790the Johnson Space Center is home to Mission Control for all manned4791missions in space. What is your view on the future of mission control4792and space traffic management?4793    Answer. NASA currently operates multiple ``mission control''4794functions across the country, and while that's understandable given the4795agency's diverse mission portfolio, I don't believe every mission4796requires its own bespoke mission control center. This problem will only4797further be exacerbated as commercial industry matures and the space4798economy is finally uncovered.4799    If we truly envision a future with multiple space stations, regular4800lunar operations, Mars missions, and an expanding array of flagship4801science missions, then we need a more scalable, efficient, and4802centralized approach. This could include the consolidation of mission4803operations into a single, unified mission control architecture--a4804central command center that maintains real-time situational awareness4805across all peaceful space exploration activities. That doesn't mean4806eliminating specialized expertise, but rather integrating and4807streamlining operations where possible to improve coordination,4808resilience, and decision-making.48094810    Question 10. During your hearing, I asked if you intended, if4811confirmed, to cancel Gateway, the orbital lunar outpost that NASA4812currently plans to use as both the first step in a sustained human4813presence at the Moon and later on as the staging point for a manned4814mission to Mars. You said you ``have no intention, as of now to . . .4815cancel any program . . . if I'm confirmed.'' The Washington Post,4816however, reported on Friday, April 11th that when OMB completed ``pass4817back'' of the forthcoming NASA budget request for Fiscal Year 2026, it4818came to light that the administration intends to cancel Gateway. Just4819this month NASA took possession of the main module of Gateway,4820beginning the process of assembly and integration with other sections.4821Despite the fact that NASA has the hardware on hand, and despite the4822fact that other, partner nations are actually shouldering 60 percent of4823Gateway's cost, the administration appears to want to cancel the entire4824effort.48254826    a. Given that NASA intends to use Gateway to meet the statutory4827requirement for a sustained human presence at the Moon, how will NASA4828(and you, if confirmed) meet this statutory obligation if Gateway is4829terminated?4830    Answer. I am not aware of any plans to cancel Gateway, and as I4831stated during the hearing, I am fully committed to following the law as4832written. I would have to look into the specifics of this matter more4833closely, if confirmed.48344835    b. If cancelled, how will you ensure the aforementioned4836international partners remain partners in the lunar exploration effort4837given that we might unilaterally upended their investments?4838    Answer. American leadership in the ultimate high ground of space4839requires the contributions and trust of our international partners. Our4840credibility is paramount. I have no interest in seeing those4841relationships jeopardized or driving our allies into partnerships with4842geopolitical competitors.4843    While, again, I am not aware of any plans to cancel Gateway, if4844such a situation arose, I would work closely with our partners--as I4845have done in countless complex international negotiations in my4846business career--to find an acceptable path forward. I have a long4847track record of bringing people together to accomplish difficult, high-4848stakes objectives, and I would bring that same collaborative mindset to4849NASA.48504851    c. Would NASA need additional taxpayer dollars to repay the4852international partners of Gateway for the investments and hardware4853contributions they have made to this point if Gateway is cancelled?4854    Answer. I wouldn't want to speculate on something I'm not aware is4855actually under consideration.48564857    Question 11. The Federal government is currently operating under a4858continuing resolution which extends the funding levels and funding4859provisions of the Fiscal Year (FY) 2024 appropriations act through the4860end of the current Fiscal Year. Importantly, Section 739 of the FY244861appropriations act states that agencies may not change programs,4862projects, or activities unless such changes are approved in a4863subsequent law. Section 1105 of the FY25 continuing resolution, under4864which the Federal government is currently operating, extended this4865prohibition, stating:48664867        ``Except as otherwise expressly provided in this division, the4868        requirements, authorities, conditions, limitations, and other4869        provisions of the appropriations Acts referred to in section4870        1101 shall continue in effect through [the end of FY25].''48714872    Given these explicit prohibitions, do you believe the agency has4873the legal authority to unilaterally cancel Gateway or make any changes4874listed in the forthcoming President's Budget Request (PBR)?4875    Answer. I am not currently a party to any budget discussions and am4876not aware of any planned program cancellations. As I mentioned during4877my hearing, I believe NASA is capable of managing multiple world-4878changing endeavors--if we eliminate unnecessary bureaucracy and stay4879focused on the mission. I remain hopeful that tough trades won't be4880required, but if they are, I would work closely with the Congress to4881ensure the best possible outcomes and to remain fully compliant with4882existing law. The goal must always be to fulfill the agency's4883obligations while advancing American leadership in space.48844885    Question 12. Public reporting indicates that FY26 PBR will propose4886significant changes to multiple NASA programs, including a number of4887exploration and science-focused programs. If confirmed, will you4888maintain progress on those programs until any changes are made in law,4889as is required by both current authorizing and appropriations law?4890    Answer. I am not currently a party to any budget discussions and am4891not aware of any planned program cancellations. As I mentioned during4892my hearing, I believe NASA is capable of managing multiple world-4893changing endeavors--if we eliminate unnecessary bureaucracy and stay4894focused on the mission. I remain hopeful that tough trades won't be4895required, but if they are, I would work closely with the Congress to4896ensure the best possible outcomes and to remain fully compliant with4897existing law. The goal must always be to fulfill the agency's4898obligations while advancing American leadership in space.48994900    Question 13. In your testimony, you highlighted the strategic4901importance of the Moon as a source of Helium-3. There are several4902commercial entities seeking to extract and return Helium-3 to the Earth4903for applications such as fusion energy. What do you see as NASA's role4904in enabling a robust commercial marketplace for resource extraction on4905the Moon?4906    Answer. As I've said before, it's imperative that we crack the code4907on the space economy and shift away from a model where taxpayers are4908solely funding the future we all want to see in space. The first step4909is to make the most of the ISS--prioritizing high-potential science and4910research and ensuring we fully leverage its remaining life.4911    That said, I believe the next frontier of economic opportunity will4912extend to the lunar surface. If confirmed, I would support NASA in4913enabling early commercial efforts--through technical support, access to4914infrastructure, and policy leadership--while ensuring the agency4915remains focused on exploration, science, and stewardship of this new4916domain. If Helium-3 or other resources prove to be economically viable,4917NASA can play a vital role in catalyzing that marketplace in4918partnership with industry and international partners. This may very4919well be one of the paths to NASA becoming a self-sustaining agency.4920                                 ______49214922    Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Roger Wicker to4923                             Jared Isaacman4924    Question 1. NASA leadership at the John C. Stennis Space Center in4925Mississippi has made great strides in partnering with commercial space4926firms in rocket propulsion testing. However, barriers to more effective4927partnership, such as lengthy decision processes, cost, and risk4928acceptance persist within NASA.4929    If confirmed, how will you transform NASA to remove the barriers4930that inhibit the full utilization of NASA's world class test4931capabilities, such as lengthy decision-making processes and outdated4932regulations? How will you utilize your authorities to grow NASA's4933partnerships with commercial space industry for the use of land and4934infrastructure at NASA centers?4935    Answer. NASA Stennis is a great example of how the agency can4936reinvent itself to better support commercial industry. That kind of4937transformation needs to happen across more of the organization. I have4938no doubt that outdated regulations, unnecessary layers of bureaucracy,4939and slow decision-making are inhibiting NASA's ability to fully4940leverage its world-class infrastructure--and ultimately slowing down4941mission delivery.4942    If confirmed, you can count on me to roll up my sleeves and get in4943the trenches to identify and remove those barriers. I will draw on4944everything I've learned from leading two successful companies,4945including in the aerospace and defense sectors, to help NASA become4946faster, more collaborative, and easier to do business with.4947    I would also fully utilize the Administrator's authorities to4948expand public-private partnerships--ensuring that land, infrastructure,4949and talent at NASA centers are being used to their full potential to4950support American innovation, grow the space economy, and accelerate the4951agency's core mission.49524953    Question 2. NASA is increasing its reliance on the commercial space4954sector to execute its mission. For example, the International Space4955Station will be decommissioned in 2030, and will be replaced by4956commercial space stations. It is important for the United States4957government to both grow the commercial space industry and maintain4958government activity in space, especially as our key competitors, China4959and Russia, have increased their space presence and developed launch4960vehicles capable of reaching all orbits and satellite constellations4961for remote sensing, navigation, and communications.4962    If confirmed, will it be a priority of yours to continue to invest4963in Federal capabilities at NASA field centers? I believe we can balance4964increasing opportunities for commercial space industry with the need to4965maintain Federal investments in space exploration. Is that a balance4966that you support?4967    Answer. Yes, I believe that balance is not only possible--but4968essential. NASA has partnered with commercial industry since its4969inception, and the line of responsibility has always been clear: NASA4970should focus on the near-impossible--those missions and technologies4971that no other organization, company, or country is capable of4972achieving.4973    When NASA accomplishes a major breakthrough, it should hand off4974that capability to commercial partners and shift its focus to the next4975frontier. That's how we scale innovation, grow the space economy, and4976maintain American leadership.4977    For example, as industry continues to mature in chemical4978propulsion, NASA should already be shifting its focus toward nuclear4979propulsion and other next-generation technologies. That's what it means4980to push the edge of the possible. If confirmed, I would support4981continued investment in NASA's field centers--not just to preserve core4982capabilities, but to ensure we're always preparing for the next leap4983forward.4984                                 ______49854986    Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. John Curtis to4987                             Jared Isaacman4988Artemis/Defense in UT4989    Question 1. Utah is home to Northrop Grumman's Solid Rocket Motor4990production. Companies in Utah are then able to leverage this technology4991to help lower the costs of no-fail national security missions. As a4992result, Artemis contributes to reducing costs for defense research and4993production. As Administrator, how would you implement efficiencies to4994lower production costs for Space Launch System components?4995    Answer. Solid rocket motor production--like the work done in Utah--4996is a critical national capability that not only supports Artemis but4997also strengthens our no-fail defense programs. I understand and4998appreciate the strategic importance of these industrial synergies, and4999I believe Artemis can and should contribute to a broader ecosystem of5000innovation, workforce development, and supply chain resilience.5001    That said, SLS has faced well-documented cost and program5002challenges. If confirmed, I would work to implement greater5003accountability and transparency in the production of SLS components5004alongside a broader cultural mission-first transformation at the5005agency. It has taken long enough, cost enough and it's time to get back5006to the Moon, to do so before our rivals get there and press on to Mars.50075008    Question 2. Utah continues to face serious challenges related to5009drought, wildfire risk, and declining water levels, and particularly at5010the Great Salt Lake. If confirmed, how would you ensure that NASA5011continues to prioritize Earth Science efforts--like satellite-based5012drought monitoring and water resource modeling--that help states like5013Utah manage these risks?5014    Answer. I believe Earth Science is one of NASA's most important5015missions--because it delivers real, measurable benefits to the American5016people. Satellite-based observations, including drought monitoring,5017wildfire forecasting, and water resource modeling, provide critical5018data that helps communities and those suffering from real hardships5019that cost billions to remediate.5020    If confirmed, I will ensure that NASA continues to prioritize high-5021impact science efforts that support agriculture, safeguard5022infrastructure, and help states respond to drought and natural5023disasters. We should be using our space-based assets not only to5024explore the solar system, but to protect and better understand our own5025planet.5026                                 ______50275028Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Shelley Moore Capito to50295030                             Jared Isaacman5031WV Visit5032    Question 1. Mr. Isaacman, thank you for your willingness to serve5033and for speaking with me on Monday. The IV&V Center in Fairmont, West5034Virginia is the home of NASA's IVV Program and is a critical resource5035to the agency. The center has identified and fixed thousands of5036software defects, including 18,000 for the Artemis I projects alone. I5037would love to host you at the IV&V Center in Fairmont so you can see5038for yourself how invested they are in safety and mission success.5039    If confirmed can you commit to visiting this important facility5040with me?5041    Answer. Yes. It would be my pleasure.5042Space Collaboratives5043    Question 2. I am a strong supporter of the Keystone Space5044Collaborative (KSC). As a Pennsylvanian I'm sure you recognize that the5045contributions to our space program and the aerospace industry aren't5046limited to just a few geographic regions. Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West5047Virginia offer the resources, expertise, research and workforce to make5048major contributions.5049    How will you prioritize working with this collaborative and with5050other stakeholders across the country?5051    Answer. Absolutely--as mentioned in the hearing, I believe NASA5052will need the best and brightest from across the Nation to achieve5053world-changing objectives. Organizations like the Keystone Space5054Collaborative are helping to ensure that Ohio, Pennsylvania, West5055Virginia, and other regions play a critical role in shaping the future5056of aerospace and space exploration.5057                                 ______50585059   Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Maria Cantwell to5060                             Jared Isaacman5061    DOGE, Workforce, Budgets. Mr. Isaacman, I appreciated our5062conversation about NASA's priorities and the importance of sustained,5063robust funding to achieving these goals. You yourself recognized you5064are a ``political newcomer,'' and told me you thought NASA's funding5065would be protected because ``everybody likes NASA.'' Unfortunately, the5066Trump Administration's DOGE team is signaling NASA's budget may be5067next.5068    On March 10, pursuant to President Trump's DOGE executive order5069(EO), NASA carried out its first round of reductions in force--5070terminating 23 employees, including NASA's Chief Scientist,5071Technologist, and Economist. A second round of large-scale terminations5072is expected soon.5073    Meanwhile, according to recent press reports, the White House is5074considering proposing major cuts to NASA's science budget for FY 2026--5075potentially up to 50 percent.50765077    Question 1. I know you have said you would like to work on the moon5078and Mars missions in parallel and believe it can be done with NASA's5079current budget. However, if there is enough funding only for a mission5080to the moon or a mission to Mars--which will you prioritize?5081    Answer. Given existing law, I would prioritize the Artemis program.5082That said, I believe pursuing both lunar and Martian objectives in5083parallel is not inherently cost-prohibitive. There is meaningful5084hardware commonality across the existing Artemis Human Landing System5085(HLS) providers. For instance, both contractors are already required to5086validate reusable heavy-lift launch capabilities--technologies5087essential for transporting mass beyond low Earth orbit, whether toward5088the Moon or Mars.5089    Historically, NASA managed multiple complex programs5090simultaneously--Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo--in an era with far less5091technological capability than we possess today. More than six decades5092later, with the advances in industry and innovation, I believe the5093world's premier space agency should be capable of executing multiple5094major initiatives at a time.50955096    Question 2. Yes or no: Would you support a 50 percent cut to NASA's5097science budget?5098    Answer. I have not reviewed or been party to any official5099discussions, but a 50 percent reduction to NASA's science budget does5100not appear to be an optimal outcome.51015102    Question 3. Mr. Isaacman, you have expressed ambitious plans for5103NASA if confirmed. How do you plan to accomplish these priorities if5104the Administration tries to shrink NASA's budget and slash its5105workforce?5106    Answer. As I stated during the hearing, NASA requires the best and5107brightest talent from across the Nation to accomplish what no other5108agency or organization can--especially in environments that demand5109doing more with less. I support the President's commitment to5110eliminating fraud, waste, abuse, and unnecessary bureaucracy that can5111hinder the agency's mission. If confirmed, I will advocate for NASA's5112priorities and the resources needed to pursue them as efficiently and5113effectively as possible.51145115    Question 4. In addition to lunar and Martian exploration, do you5116believe that NASA has other important missions to fulfill, such as5117conducting and supporting research and development (R&D) in Earth's5118orbit, space science, Earth science, and aeronautics R&D?5119    Answer. Yes. As I noted in my prepared remarks, NASA has a vital5120role to play across science and exploration. The agency should continue5121to lead in the high ground of space--not only to return humans to the5122Moon and journey to Mars, but also to ignite a thriving space economy5123by maximizing the remaining life and utility of the International Space5124Station, and serving as a force multiplier for science. Through this5125work, NASA can accelerate the pace of world-changing discoveries.51265127    Question 5. Do you support reductions in force at NASA?5128    Answer. As I stated during the hearing, NASA must be staffed with5129the best and brightest from across the country to take on its bold and5130complex mission--especially in times that require greater efficiency. I5131support the President's goal of eliminating fraud, waste, abuse, and5132unnecessary bureaucracy that can impede progress. If confirmed, I will5133advocate for the agency's priorities and the resources necessary to5134achieve them while ensuring that any organizational changes are5135thoughtful, mission-focused, and grounded in the need to enhance--not5136diminish--NASA's ability to deliver on the mission.51375138    Question 6. How will NASA maintain critical expertise in economic5139and technical areas after these reductions in force? Specifically,5140without the Office of the Chief Economist, how will the agency publish5141Economic Impact Reports and how will you make informed decisions5142regarding the economic feasibility and merits of NASA's efforts to5143support sustainable commercialization of space activities?5144    Answer. If confirmed, I would want to fully understand the5145rationale behind these reductions--particularly in areas so closely5146tied to one of my top priorities: igniting a space economy. Like5147millions of others, I'm excited about the opportunities space offers,5148but I also recognize that taxpayers cannot carry the full burden of5149those ambitions indefinitely. To unlock the economic potential of5150space, we will need the insight of experts who understand how to5151translate scientific and technical achievements into sustainable, real-5152world value. That type of expertise--economic and technical--must be5153preserved and utilized to ensure that NASA's commercial initiatives are5154both strategically sound and fiscally responsible.51555156    Question 7. Do you consider supporting NASA's workforce and5157physical infrastructure to be important budget priorities?5158    Answer. NASA's people and infrastructure are foundational to the5159agency's success. The workforce represents the talent and expertise5160required to pursue groundbreaking science and exploration, while the5161infrastructure--developed over decades--is a key enabler.51625163    Question 8. In light of the ongoing reductions in force at NASA and5164potential large-scale budget cuts, are you concerned that NASA will5165lose and fail to attract the scientific and technical expertise that we5166need to stay ahead of our competitors?5167    Answer. I firmly believe that if NASA continues to deliver on its5168mission--pursuing what no other agency or organization can--then5169recruitment, retention, STEM engagement, and public inspiration will5170follow. People are drawn to purpose, and few missions are as bold or as5171meaningful as the one NASA undertakes.51725173    NASA Thermoplastics Research and Development. NASA's aeronautics5174R&D is crucial for both aviation safety and America's global aerospace5175leadership. Through the Hi-Rate Composite Aircraft Manufacturing5176(HiCAM) project, NASA is developing technologies that achieve up to 505177percent reduced cost for composite structures while enabling high-rate5178production for future aircraft.5179    The Spokane Aerospace Tech Hub will complement this work by taking5180NASA's lab-proven technologies and completing the critical final steps5181needed for full-scale industrial production, focusing on thermoplastic5182composites where Europe and Asia currently lead. This capability5183represents both an economic opportunity and a national security5184imperative, ensuring domestic control of technologies essential for5185next-generation fixed-wing aircraft.51865187    Question 1. Mr. Isaacman, as Administrator, how will you ensure5188that NASA's aeronautics programs and projects such as HiCAM support5189critical initiatives like the Spokane Tech Hub that strengthen our5190domestic supply chains and help American manufacturers compete globally5191in next-generation lightweight aircraft materials?5192    Answer. I care deeply about American competitiveness and believe5193NASA should focus on advancing next-generation technologies that align5194with the agency's mission and broader national priorities. If5195confirmed, I will quickly get up to speed on these initiatives and5196evaluate how NASA can best support projects like HiCAM and the Spokane5197Tech Hub to enhance our domestic capabilities and global leadership in5198aerospace.51995200    Question 2. Will you commit to continue supporting NASA5201participation in the Advanced Aerospace Materials and Manufacturing5202Center (AAMMC) as a member of the Tech Hub's consortium of public and5203private sector members?5204    Answer. I am not yet fully familiar with the specifics of the5205AAMMC, but based on what I understand, it seems both logical and5206beneficial for NASA to participate in efforts that bring together5207public and private sector expertise to advance critical aerospace5208technologies.52095210    Aviation and Spaceflight Safety. This Committee has been focused5211for several years on our legislative and oversight responsibilities5212related to aviation safety. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)5213Reauthorization Act of 2024 includes new measures to improve aviation5214safety. NASA plays a critical role as a technical advisor to the FAA5215and developer of technologies essential to both aviation and human5216spaceflight safety.5217    In your private sector experience, you've been a pilot and founded5218a company that provided adversary air training services to the U.S.5219military. You've also participated in commercial human spaceflight5220missions.52215222    Question 1. Do you agree that NASA's R&D and technical advisory5223capabilities are vital to the safety of our aviation system and the5224safety of the flying public?5225    Answer. Yes. NASA has a long and respected history of research and5226innovation that directly supports aviation safety. Its technical5227expertise has played a critical role in improving systems, procedures,5228and technologies that protect the flying public.52295230    Question 2. How would you ensure NASA continues to provide the5231technical expertise needed by regulatory agencies like the FAA for5232aviation and commercial spaceflight safety?5233    Answer. NASA's management of the Aviation Safety Reporting System5234provides unique insight into self-reported safety-related incidents,5235positioning the agency to contribute meaningfully to safety5236improvements. If confirmed, I would collaborate closely with the FAA5237and industry stakeholders to identify the most pressing challenges in5238aviation and commercial spaceflight safety and ensure NASA's resources5239are directed toward developing solutions that produce measurable5240results.52415242    Lunar lander redundancy. You have publicly criticized many aspects5243of NASA and the current Artemis architecture. For example, you5244previously criticized NASA for supporting two Human Landing System5245(HLS) lunar landers from two providers. However, dissimilar redundancy5246ensures safety and competition between more than one provider spurs5247innovation.52485249    Question 1. Are you still opposed to redundancy? Or do you now5250support human lunar lander redundancy?5251    Answer. Several years ago, I expressed concerns about redundancy5252after a competitive process had already concluded and a single provider5253had been selected. At the time, I found it difficult to reconcile5254having no redundancy for transporting astronauts to lunar orbit--given5255our reliance on a single vehicle like SLS--while simultaneously funding5256multiple redundant systems for the landing itself. My position stemmed5257from a genuine concern over program delays, budget overruns, and the5258risk that my children might not see American astronauts return to the5259Moon within a reasonable time-frame or budget.52605261    Question 2. If you now support HLS lunar lander dissimilar5262redundancy, please explain why your position has changed.5263    Answer. I no longer oppose lunar lander redundancy because the5264decision has already been made, and significant investments have been5265committed. As a result, the United States now has an additional5266commercial provider with heavy-lift launch capability, which enhances5267national resilience and capacity in space exploration.52685269    Question 3. How would you ensure the safety of our astronauts5270without the added resiliency created through redundancy?5271    Answer. Fortunately, we now have two commercial providers5272developing redundant lunar landers, which strengthens mission safety5273and flexibility. However, I believe it's important to highlight that we5274still lack redundancy in the systems that transport astronauts from5275Earth to lunar orbit and back. That remains a critical area of focus if5276we are to ensure complete mission resiliency and crew safety.52775278    Space Launch System (SLS). You previously called NASA's Space5279Launch System (SLS) ``outrageously expensive'' and suggested it was the5280result of the Federal government being ``lousy at capital allocation.''52815282    Question 1. Yes or No: Do you support continued Artemis missions5283with NASA's Space Launch System?5284    Answer. Yes. As I mentioned during the hearing, the SLS is part of5285the current plan and represents the fastest path to returning American5286astronauts to the Moon. That said, the program has significant5287challenges. Even NASA's Inspector General has issued multiple reports5288critical of the SLS program's cost and schedule performance.52895290    Question 2. Yes or No: Do you plan to cancel NASA's Space Launch5291System, if confirmed?5292    Answer. No. As I stated in the hearing, SLS is the current plan and5293the fastest means of sending American astronauts to the Moon ahead of5294our geopolitical rivals. As I emphasized during the hearing, this is a5295race the United States can't afford to lose. Once those obligations5296have been met, I believe NASA should transition away from competing5297with the commercial sector and instead focus its world-class talent and5298infrastructure on developing the next generation of exploration5299technologies--including nuclear spaceships--as a logical next step.53005301    Question 3. According to a March 29, 2025, Wall Street Journal5302report titled, ``Elon Musk's Mission to Take Over NASA--and Mars,'' the5303Trump White House plans to propose canceling SLS in its FY 2026 budget5304proposal. Are you aware of any such plan?5305    Answer. I am not aware of any plan to cancel SLS.53065307    Question 4. Have you discussed the prospect of canceling SLS with5308any Trump Administration official?5309    Answer. No.53105311    Question 5. Have you discussed the prospect of canceling SLS with5312any SpaceX representative?5313    Answer. No.53145315    Question 6. Do you believe canceling SLS would be detrimental to5316U.S. efforts to return to the moon before China arrives?5317    Answer. Yes.53185319    Question 7. If confirmed, do you intend to move NASA away from SLS5320and toward reliance on commercial heavy lift launch vehicles, such as5321the SpaceX Starship and Blue Origin New Glenn? Why or why not?5322    Answer. As I've said, SLS is the plan today and provides the5323fastest pathway for returning American astronauts to the Moon and it is5324imperative we do not lose in this regard. However, at some point in the5325future, after NASA meets the imperative lunar objectives, I believe the5326agency should transition away from competing with commercial providers.5327Instead, NASA's focus should shift toward the technologies that no5328other agency or organization is capable of developing--such as nuclear-5329powered spacecraft--that will enable deeper space exploration and5330sustain U.S. leadership in space.53315332    NASA Funding and Support to the Commercial Space Economy. In your5333written and verbal testimony before the Committee, you stated that one5334of your three main objectives for NASA was to ``ignite a thriving space5335economy in low Earth orbit.'' You further explained that by working5336alongside international partners and industry, ``we can unlock the true5337economic potential of space and deliver meaningful benefits to the5338American people--potentially charting a course for NASA to become a5339financially self-sustaining agency.''5340    NASA's current support to fostering a thriving low Earth orbit5341space economy often involves partnerships with commercial industry that5342include cost sharing, in-kind technical support, and commitments to be5343an ``anchor tenant'' customer in specific mission areas and5344capabilities.53455346    Question 1. Given the nascent nature of many on-orbit commercial5347space activities and NASA's current role as a source of Federal funding5348and technical assistance to industry, what financial arrangements are5349you envisioning that would allow NASA to be self-sustaining and5350independent of significant Congressional appropriations?5351    Answer. Like millions of others, I envision an exciting future in5352space--but I also recognize that budgets are not unlimited. For over 605353years, American taxpayers have invested in the agency's pursuit and5354exploration of the final frontier. Moving forward, those taxpayer5355contributions should increasingly be supplemented by the economic5356potential space has to offer. Ideally, NASA should begin to explore5357mechanisms for generating offsetting revenue--similar in spirit to the5358FAA's use of the Airport and Airway Trust Fund.53595360    CLPS and Lunar Science. The Commercial Lunar Payload Services5361(CLPS) program has emerged as a critical component in supporting NASA's5362sustainable lunar presence and meeting civil and national security5363needs. Key modifications are being considered for CLPS 2.0, such as5364establishing a regular cadence of missions, adopting block buy5365contracts, expanding to heavier cargo-class landers, incorporating5366infrastructure providers, and making CLPS a multi-directorate program.53675368    Question 1. Will you commit to supporting these modifications to5369CLPS and increasing funding between the Space Technology Mission5370Directorate (STMD) and the Exploration Systems Development Mission5371Directorate (ESDMD) to expand commercial lunar surface demonstrations?5372    Answer. While I cannot speak to future budget increases, I am a5373strong advocate for the Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS)5374program and believe it represents a compelling model not only for lunar5375missions, but for future exploration and discovery efforts more5376broadly. CLPS embodies a templated, scalable approach that allows for5377more frequent, cost-effective ``shots on goal,'' in contrast to NASA's5378historic reliance on bespoke, high-cost science missions. Expanding5379this type of model can accelerate discovery, spur commercial5380innovation, and better position NASA to pursue a wide range of5381scientific objectives across the solar system.53825383    Astrophysics. We are aware of your past interest in proposing a5384servicing mission to the Hubble Telescope using private funding. U.S.5385leadership in astronomy dates back to more than a century, with space-5386based telescopes revolutionizing our understanding of the universe.5387Sustaining the operations of our existing astrophysical observatories5388is at significant risk due to proposed steep cuts in their operating5389budgets, despite huge demand for observation time using these5390telescopes.53915392    Question 1. Will you commit to supporting the full operations cost5393of Hubble and JWST, to ensure that taxpayers receive the appropriate5394return on their investments in these missions?5395    Answer. I strongly believe in maximizing the value of instruments5396that have already been funded and are delivering meaningful scientific5397returns. Telescopes like JWST, Hubble, Chandra, and others represent5398decades of investment and are producing groundbreaking insights.53995400    Heliophysics. Space weather caused by the relationship between the5401Sun and the Earth, is an area of NASA science that is vital to the5402global economy. Warning times for the impact of a direct hit on our5403planet from a coronal mass ejection (CME) remain dangerously low,5404putting at risk assets in space and critical infrastructure on Earth.5405Unfortunately, NASA's most recent budget requests for this field of5406research have been lower than expected.54075408    Question 1. Will you support growing the Heliophysics budget so5409that it reaches roughly a billion dollars a year to adequately address5410space weather risks?5411    Answer. I am personally well aware of the risks posed by space5412weather--not only to our Nation's critical infrastructure but also to5413the lives of astronauts. If confirmed, I will be an advocate for5414continued investments in heliophysics and for ensuring that we remain5415vigilant in understanding and mitigating these risks.54165417    Question 2. What are your plans to implement the National Academies5418most recent Heliophysics decadal survey that called for developing the5419Geospace Dynamics Constellation (GDC)?5420    Answer. I am not yet deeply familiar with the details of the GDC5421program, but if confirmed, I intend to become well-versed in the latest5422decadal recommendations and do everything I can to support their5423thoughtful implementation. The decadal surveys represent a vital,5424community-driven process for setting scientific priorities, and I take5425that guidance seriously.54265427    Question 3. Will you commit to protecting the operations and5428science data analysis budgets for currently operating missions like the5429Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) Mission so that U.S. scientists and5430researchers, rather than their Chinese counterparts, can continue to5431lead the world in the analysis needed to better understand the risks5432from space weather?5433    Answer. I am not yet familiar with the specific status of the MMS5434mission, but I care deeply about maintaining U.S. leadership in science5435and ensuring that our investments continue to yield important data and5436discoveries. If confirmed, I will take a close look at the mission's5437contributions and work to understand both the risks it helps address5438and the opportunities it presents for continued leadership in5439heliophysics.54405441    Elon Musk and Conflicts of Interest. I understand you have a close5442relationship with Mr. Musk and his company, SpaceX.5443    I want to be clear about my expectations: The American people must5444have confidence that their leaders are not beholden to any one person.5445If you are confirmed, I expect you will go above and beyond the bare5446minimum and clearly demonstrate that you are acting in the public's5447interest--not Mr. Musk's or your own.5448Context:5449    My relationship with SpaceX is not unlike NASA's, in that they are5450currently the only commercial provider offering crewed transportation5451to and from low Earth orbit. I do not have a close personal5452relationship with Mr. Musk. While I've spoken with him occasionally5453over the years in my capacity as a SpaceX customer, I would describe5454our interactions as professional. I admire and respect his5455contributions to space and technology, but it would be inaccurate to5456characterize our relationship as close.54575458    Question 1. How will you ensure that your relationship with Mr.5459Musk and SpaceX will not result in conflicts of interest or the5460appearance of conflicts?5461    Answer. I disclosed all financial and contractual relationships5462during the ethics process and have fully complied with the guidance and5463conclusions provided by government ethics officials. I will not5464hesitate to involve NASA's General Counsel, or other designated agency5465ethics officials, on any matter that could even give the appearance of5466a conflict. I have no interest in personal gain or benefiting any5467contractor--I am here solely to serve my country and lead the world's5468greatest space agency with integrity and transparency.54695470    Question 2. Will you commit to recusing yourself from NASA5471decisions that would impact SpaceX or Mr. Musk?5472    Answer. I fully commit to adhering to my ethics agreement, and5473whenever there is uncertainty, I will consult with the NASA General5474Counsel, or other designated agency ethics officials, to ensure full5475compliance.54765477    Question 3. If no, what will you do to ensure Mr. Musk does not5478inappropriately influence these decisions?5479    Answer. The commercial launch market today is more competitive than5480at any point in the history of space exploration. NASA will continue to5481conduct open and fair competitions with the objective of delivering the5482best capability to taxpayers at the lowest cost.54835484    Question 4. What procedures will you put into place to ensure that5485Mr. Musk does not inappropriately influence the independent decision5486making of NASA?5487    Answer. NASA has operated for decades alongside a broad base of5488major contractors--including Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman,5489Blue Origin, and SpaceX. I trust the agency has well-established5490internal controls to preserve independent decision-making, and if5491confirmed, I will uphold and reinforce those standards across the5492board.54935494    Question 5. To promote public confidence and transparency, will you5495notify Congress every time Mr. Musk meets with you or anyone on your5496senior team?5497    Answer. Upon confirmation, I will execute my duties as5498Administrator consistent with applicable government ethics laws and5499regulations and based on guidance from the NASA's General Counsel or5500other designated agency ethics officials.55015502    Question 6. You have made the decision to retain a 25 percent5503ownership interest in Shift4, rather than divesting entirely, while5504Shift4 maintains a financial relationship with Starlink that pays your5505company between $10-16 million per year. Given this ongoing financial5506relationship with one of Mr. Musk's companies, what specific steps will5507you take, if confirmed, to avoid the appearance of conflicts of5508interest with Mr. Musk or Starlink?5509    Answer. Upon confirmation, I will resign from my positions with5510Shift4 Payments, LLC and Shift4 Payments, Inc, and its wholly owned5511subsidiaries. I will also surrender my majority voting control of the5512business. I will take these actions pursuant to my ethics agreement.5513Furthermore, upon confirmation, I will execute my duties as5514Administrator consistent with applicable government ethics laws and5515regulations and based on guidance from the NASA's General Counsel or5516other designated agency ethics officials.55175518    Question 7. Will you ensure SpaceX employees are not given access5519to NASA computer systems, databases, or facilities that present a5520conflict of interest, like what we have seen at the FAA?5521    Answer. No vendor or contractor will have access to NASA systems or5522data beyond what is explicitly permitted under their agreement with the5523agency, existing agency policy, or would be otherwise inconsistent with5524applicable law or regulation.55255526    Question 8. At your hearing, you testified that you had a5527conversation with Mr. Musk at Mar-a-Lago in late 2024. I understand you5528told my staff this conversation pertained to Musk's DOGE efforts. What5529specifically did you discuss with Mr. Musk at Mar-a-Lago?5530    Answer. My conversation with Mr. Musk was unrelated to my interview5531with President Trump for the position of NASA Administrator. We5532discussed the possibility of me volunteering to support the Trump5533administration.55345535    Question 9. According to a March 29, 2025, Wall Street Journal5536report titled, ``Elon Musk's Mission to Take Over NASA--and Mars,'' Mr.5537Musk called you late last year and asked you to become the head of5538NASA. In your interview with my staff on April 3, 2025, you said this5539reporting was ``1000 percent false.''5540    Yes or No: Is the above reporting from the Wall Street Journal5541false?5542    Answer. Yes, that reporting is false.55435544    Question 10. You testified at your hearing that you have not5545discussed your plans for NASA with Mr. Musk. For the record: Since5546November 5, 2024, have you ever discussed anything pertaining to NASA5547with Mr. Musk?5548    Answer. No.55495550    Question 11. Since November 5, 2024, have you been on any text5551chains with Mr. Musk?5552    Answer. No.55535554    Question 12. If your answer is yes to the above question, are any5555of these text chains conducted over a private messaging application5556like Signal?5557    Answer. N/A.55585559    Question 13. Will you abide by all Federal records preservation and5560archiving laws, if confirmed?5561    Answer. Yes.55625563    Question 14. How much money have you paid to SpaceX for the two5564spaceflights you purchased (Inspiration4 and Polaris Dawn)?5565    Answer. Pursuant to my ethics agreement, I have terminated all5566space flight service agreements that I had with SpaceX and all money5567paid to SpaceX for future missions has been refunded. Furthermore,5568pursuant to my ethics agreement, I am committed to ensuring that these5569funds are reinvested in non-conflicting passive investments. The amount5570I paid to SpaceX for past missions is subject to confidentiality5571obligations in my contractual agreements with SpaceX.55725573    Question 15. According to a March 29, 2025, Wall Street Journal5574report titled, ``Elon Musk's Mission to Take Over NASA--and Mars,'' you5575talk ``frequently'' with SpaceX executive Michael Altenhofen, who was5576recently named a NASA senior adviser.5577    Yes or No: Is the above reporting from the Wall Street Journal5578accurate?5579    Answer. No.55805581    Question 16. What role and portfolio would Mr. Altenhofen hold at5582NASA under your leadership, if confirmed?5583    Answer. Senior Advisor to the Administrator--Aerospace Engineering.55845585    Legal. I am aware you were detained by U.S. Custom and Border5586Patrol agents in 2010 on a warrant for drawing and passing checks5587without sufficient funds to a Las Vegas casino. I am aware you were5588also sued on four separate occasions around this time (2008-2010) in5589connection with casino debts and allegations of fraudulent checks,5590which I understand you dispute.55915592    Question 1. Do you agree that violating legal obligations is5593unacceptable, irrespective of one's ability to pay any fines or other5594related costs?5595    Answer. Yes--I agree that violating legal obligations is5596unacceptable, regardless of one's financial means. That said, I believe5597some additional context is important. In my early 20s, I was fortunate5598to experience business success at a young age, and I spent time in5599casinos as an immature hobby. The legal matters referenced were, in5600fact, forms of negotiation and were all resolved promptly. The incident5601at the border, following my return from the Olympics, stemmed from a5602payment issue that had already been resolved, which is why I was5603detained for only a few hours.5604    I fully acknowledge this was a brief and immature period in my5605youth and a poor use of my time and resources. Since then, I've5606redirected my focus toward far more meaningful and productive5607pursuits--starting a family, building successful companies, developing5608an accomplished aviation and space career, and engaging in significant5609philanthropic efforts. I have always been transparent about these5610matters in all security clearance documentation and have held a5611clearance since 2013 without issue.5612    Mistakes made in youth don't excuse poor decisions, but I believe5613growth, accountability, and public service are powerful ways to5614demonstrate how far one has come.56155616    Question 2. Can you assure the Committee that this type of behavior5617is in your past?5618    Answer. Yes.56195620    Climate and Earth Science. The Science Mission Directorate is an5621important part of NASA that funds scientists through more than 4,0005622openly competed research awards--including many in the Earth Science5623Division. The Earth Science Division operates more than 20 satellites5624in orbit, sponsors hundreds of research programs and studies, and funds5625opportunities to put data to use for societal needs. NASA's Climate5626Change webpage contains critical information based on NASA's collection5627of long-term observations of the planet.56285629    Question 1. Do you agree that man-made climate change is a real and5630serious issue?5631    Answer. I am not a climate scientist. My background is in business,5632aviation, and commercial space exploration. I am confident that the5633Earth's climate has changed throughout its 4.5 billion year history. I5634believe in studying the causes and consequences of these changes to5635help mitigate the challenges we face on Earth as a result.56365637    Question 2. Do you support NASA's Earth Science Division and its5638efforts to develop cutting-edge sensors and data analysis technologies5639that can improve Earth observations important to climate science,5640weather modeling, resource management, and the mitigation and response5641to natural disasters such as wildfires?5642    Answer. I fully support NASA's Earth Science Division and its work5643to advance technologies that improve our understanding of our planet5644and help respond to the challenges we face on Earth.56455646    Question 3. Do you commit to supporting continued funding through5647the Earth Science Division for research programs and researchers5648focused on understanding complex Earth systems and their dynamic5649interactions?5650    Answer. I'm not currently aware of any proposed changes to the5651Earth Science Division's budget. If confirmed, I will seek to better5652understand these programs and the contributions they make, and I will5653advocate for investments that are aligned with NASA's mission and5654deliver meaningful value to the public.56555656    Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion. Mr. Isaacman, in the past you5657have seemed to implement diversity, equity, and inclusion initiatives5658into your personal and professional life. You stated prior to the5659Inspiration4 mission that you did not want to send ``four rich white5660guys'' to space and you also implemented DEI policies at your5661companies, Draken and Shift4.56625663    Question 1. Do you still value diversity in the workplace?5664    Answer. I value a merit-based culture that results in the most5665capable team that reflects excellence, commitment, and character--5666regardless of race, gender, or sexual orientation.56675668    Question 2. In your interview with my staff, you said we need the5669``best and brightest'' at NASA. I agree. How did the DEI policies at5670Draken and Shift4 benefit your multi-million-and billion-dollar5671companies, and do you think similar policies could benefit the mission5672of NASA?5673    Answer. I value a merit-based culture that results in the most5674capable team that reflects excellence, commitment, and character--5675regardless of race, gender, or sexual orientation.56765677    Question 3. Do you think that targeting and eliminating DEI5678programs and policies will discourage the ``best and brightest'' from5679wanting to work at NASA?5680    Answer. I was not involved in any decisions to remove specific DEI5681programs, but I believe that when NASA focuses on bold, challenging5682missions, it will naturally attract high-caliber individuals from all5683backgrounds who want to be part of something extraordinary.56845685    Question 4. NASA websites no longer state that the Artemis 3 lunar5686mission will aim to land the first person of color and the first woman5687on the moon--a longstanding goal of the Artemis program since the first5688Trump Administration. What message do you think it sends to the5689engineers, mathematicians, and scientists of tomorrow that NASA has5690taken this step to remove this language from the objectives?5691    Answer. I was not involved in the decision to remove that language.5692What I do know is that it has been over 50 years since Americans last5693walked on the Moon, and despite commitments from every President since56941989--and over $100 billion invested--we still haven't returned. Fixing5695that challenge should be our highest priority. If we can't get back to5696the Moon in an economic and safe way, then it won't matter who the crew5697is. Mission success, especially at an agency like NASA, will ultimately5698open the door to broader participation and lasting inspiration for5699future generations.57005701    Campaign Contributions. You made a $2 million contribution to the5702Trump-Vance Inaugural Committee on November 27, 2024. One week later,5703then-President-elect Trump posted on Truth Social his intention to5704nominate you for the NASA Administrator role.57055706    Question 1. Did anyone suggest to you that a contribution to5707President Trump's Inaugural Committee would position you to be5708nominated for a position in his Administration? If so, who?5709    Answer. I reject the premise of this question, and no one ever5710suggested that a contribution would position me for a nomination.57115712    Question 2. In July 2024, you posted on X that you ``have never5713been in love with either candidate for President.'' At what point did5714this opinion change?5715    Answer. That comment was part of a longer, multi-paragraph post5716that deserves proper context. In it, I expressed outrage over the5717assassination attempt and made clear that such violence has no place in5718the world's greatest democracy. I also stated that I believed President5719Trump would be our next President and wished him well in unifying and5720leading the Nation.5721    To be clear, my position has not changed. I've never claimed to5722``love'' politics, but I have consistently supported President Trump.57235724    Tariffs. President Trump's tariffs are raising the cost of living,5725crashing the stock market, and causing uncertainty for our business5726community. As you pointed out in your testimony, most NASA programs are5727``over budget and behind schedule.''57285729    Question 1. Are you concerned that potential scarcity and cost5730increases within the aerospace manufacturing supply chain caused by5731tariffs will contribute to further delays and budget overruns?5732    Answer. I am not deeply familiar with the full details of NASA's5733aerospace supply chain, but I would assume that, given the dual-use5734nature of many space technologies, most of NASA's hardware is5735manufactured and assembled in the United States. That domestic base5736likely provides a degree of insulation from tariff-related volatility,5737though I would want to better understand the nuances if confirmed.57385739    Question 2. Tariffs pose a particular challenge for small5740companies, which cannot absorb cost increases as easily as big5741contractors. Are you concerned that some start-up NASA partners will be5742unable to survive the uncertainty and disruption caused by the5743Administration's trade war?5744    Answer. I support the President's broader objective of reducing the5745trade deficit and bringing more high-quality manufacturing jobs back to5746the United States. As someone who has led a public company for many5747years, I've learned that leadership requires looking beyond short-term5748market volatility to focus on long-term impact.5749                                 ______57505751    Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Brian Schatz to5752                             Jared Isaacman5753Support for Space Science5754    Space science is the cornerstone of NASA's work, driving5755achievements and discovery and we face growing competition from China5756in space science investments.57575758    Question 1. Will you commit to increasing investment and providing5759not less than the FY25 Senate level of $7.576 billion for space science5760in the NASA budget, including in the fields of astrophysics, planetary5761science, earth science, lunar science, and heliophysics?5762    Answer. I am deeply passionate about science and spoke extensively5763about its importance during the hearing. If confirmed, I will advocate5764for strong investment in space science--across astrophysics, planetary5765science, Earth science, lunar science, and heliophysics--and for5766securing as much funding as the government can reasonably allocate. I5767also believe we should look to amplify these efforts through5768partnerships with international partners, commercial industry, and5769academia whenever possible.5770Support for Astronomical Science5771    NASA's astrophysical observatories have received bipartisan support5772over decades. They are also areas where international partnerships will5773become increasingly important to bring the scale of investment needed5774to support advanced scientific infrastructure.57755776    Question 2. Will you commit to continuing NASA's leadership in5777astronomy and ensuring a full return on investment by supporting the5778full cost of operations for the Hubble Space Telescope and the James5779Webb Space Telescope?5780    Answer. I am a strong believer in maximizing the value of5781instruments that have already been built, funded, and are producing5782meaningful scientific returns. The James Webb Space Telescope, Hubble,5783and Chandra all fall into this category. I've publicly supported each5784of these observatories and believe their continued operation is5785essential to advancing our understanding of the universe. I'm generally5786opposed to small-scale funding cuts that reduce the return on decades5787of investment in world-class scientific tools.57885789    Question 3. Will you commit to supporting the completion of the5790Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope?5791    Answer. To my knowledge, the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope is5792nearing completion and remains on schedule and within budget--something5793that is unfortunately rare for flagship programs at the agency. I'm not5794aware of any reason why it should be canceled, and I would support its5795completion and successful deployment.57965797    Question 4. Will you commit to funding for the Habitable Worlds5798Observatory?5799    Answer. I'm intrigued by the Habitable Worlds Observatory and the5800promise it holds, but I would need to learn more before making a5801commitment. My understanding is that it's not expected to launch until5802the 2040s. While I support the mission concept, I would also want to5803explore whether aspects of its scientific objectives can be accelerated5804through other near-term opportunities.58055806    Question 5. What role do you think international partnerships5807similar to those in the Habitable Worlds Observatory will play out in5808the future?5809    Answer. I value international partnerships when they are focused,5810well-managed, and aligned around achieving ambitious goals.5811Collaboration can be a powerful multiplier when each partner is fully5812committed and accountable. However, I don't believe in pursuing5813partnerships simply for the optics--results matter. Effective5814international collaboration will continue to play an important role in5815NASA's future, especially for large-scale science missions and deep5816space exploration.5817                                 ______58185819   Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Edward Markey to5820                             Jared Isaacman5821Elon Musk5822    In your nominations hearing, you repeatedly refused to answer5823whether Elon Musk was in the meet when then-President-elect Donald5824Trump offered you the position of NASA administrator. I want to give5825you another opportunity to clarify that question.58265827    Question 1. Was Elon Musk in the room when then-President-elect5828Donald Trump offered you the position of NASA administrator?5829    Answer. My interview was with the President of the United States.5830The person asking me questions--and ultimately offering me the5831opportunity--was the President himself.58325833    Question 2. How many other people were in the room when then-5834President-elect Donald Trump offered you the position of NASA5835administrator?5836    Answer. My interview was with the President of the United States.5837The person asking me questions--and ultimately offering me the5838opportunity--was the President himself.58395840    Question 3. Did Elon Musk say anything when then-President-elect5841Donald Trump offered you the position of NASA administrator? If so,5842please describe those conversations.5843    Answer. My interview was with the President of the United States.5844The person asking me questions--and ultimately offering me the5845opportunity--was the President himself.58465847    Question 4. The Wall Street Journal reported in March that Elon5848Musk called you ``late last year'' and asked whether you would become5849the head of NASA. Is that reporting accurate? If not, please describe5850any inaccuracies.5851    Answer. No, that reporting is entirely false. Mr. Musk never called5852me to discuss becoming NASA Administrator, nor did we have any5853conversations about Mars-related objectives. The only call I received5854regarding this position came from Secretary Lutnick, who was serving as5855co-chair of the transition team. That phone interview ultimately led to5856my in-person meeting and interview with President Trump.5857NASA Reduction in Force5858    Mr. Isaacman, I am deeply troubled by the recent, seemingly rushed5859decision to dissolve the Office of the Chief Scientist and the Office5860of Technology, Policy and Strategy at NASA. The reported abrupt5861termination of approximately 15 dedicated civil servants, individuals5862with decades of invaluable experience across NASA's diverse centers and5863missions, is particularly concerning. These individuals, vital to5864providing unbiased, science-driven analysis, were given a mere 30-day5865notice of their Reduction in Force, a move that alarmingly predated any5866broader restructuring plan or even the Agency's own submission to OPM5867for such action. This raises serious questions about the rationale5868behind this decision, and whether it represents a troubling disregard5869for scientific expertise and the critical role these public servants5870play in ensuring NASA's mission is based on sound, evidence-based5871policy.58725873    Question 1. Given my concerns about the abrupt dissolution of these5874offices and the loss of non-partisan, experienced civil servants5875providing ``unbiased, science-driven analysis,'' as the potential next5876Administrator, would you have valued having these offices and their5877expertise to support you in leading NASA? Recognizing these non-5878political civil servants provided mission-driven, agenda-free5879contributions to agency-wide strategy and policy development, distinct5880from the term appointees who led them, how would you ensure such5881valuable expertise is retained and utilized under your leadership?5882    Answer. Over the last 26 years, I've founded, led, and grown two5883successful companies, including acquiring and reorganizing5884organizations to improve performance. I take great pride in assembling5885high-performing teams and retaining top talent--whether in business,5886aerospace, or human spaceflight. If confirmed, I intend to bring that5887same approach to NASA.5888    Regarding the offices that were closed, I was not involved in those5889decisions. If confirmed, I will review the rationale behind those5890closures and evaluate whether the agency is retaining and properly5891utilizing the expertise necessary to support NASA's mission and5892strategic planning efforts.58935894    Question 2. If confirmed, would you commit to reviewing the5895decision to terminate these civil servants and prioritize their5896reinstatement to appropriate positions within NASA? This would ensure5897the agency retains their valuable experience and maintains continuity5898in its scientific and strategic planning efforts.5899    Answer. As noted in my previous answer, if confirmed, I will review5900the rationale behind these decisions and assess whether reinstating any5901of these individuals would strengthen the agency's ability to deliver5902on its mission.5903NASA Heliophysics and Decadal Survey Priorities5904    Mr. Isaacman, Massachusetts was proud to see our homegrown Lunar5905Environment heliospheric X-ray Imager (LEXI), developed by students and5906faculty at Boston University, successfully land on the Moon aboard5907NASA's Blue Ghost Mission 1 spacecraft in March. LEXI is now sending5908back invaluable global images of the interaction between the solar wind5909and Earth's magnetic field--data that is essential to understanding the5910space environment around our planet.5911    Heliophysics research is foundational to protecting our5912infrastructure, ensuring astronaut safety, and supporting the success5913of both human and robotic missions in space.59145915    Question 1. Given the release of the 2024 Solar and Space Physics5916Decadal Survey, how do you plan to support NASA's Heliophysics Division5917and advance its top priorities, including sustaining the Diversify,5918Realize, Integrate, Venture, Educate (DRIVE) initiative and expanding5919the cadence of the Heliophysics Explorers program, particularly the5920Small Explorer (SMEX) and Mid-sized Explorer (MIDEX) missions and5921Missions of Opportunity (MO)?5922    Answer. I believe NASA should be a force multiplier for science.5923Advancing affordable, high-impact discovery must be a top priority. I'm5924very supportive of SMEX, MIDEX, and similar initiatives that can5925increase the cadence of meaningful scientific returns in a cost-5926effective way. If confirmed, I would look forward to working closely5927with the Heliophysics Division, academic institutions, and other5928partners to help implement the priorities outlined in the Decadal5929Survey and accelerate the rate of breakthrough discoveries.59305931    Question 2. Do you agree that strategic investments in Heliophysics5932should remain a key priority for NASA?5933    Answer. Given how central the sun is to our existence, it makes5934sense that we'd want to know as much about it as possible.5935NASA Science Mission Directorate Funding5936    Mr. Isaacman, NASA's science missions are foundational to the5937agency's global leadership in space and to the public's trust in its5938work. Programs like the Great Observatories--including Chandra, which5939is operated out of my home state of Massachusetts--provide essential5940data on everything from newborn stars to galaxy clusters, which cannot5941be captured from Earth. It supports approximately 200 jobs requiring5942highly specialized X-ray expertise.5943    You've previously expressed support for these observatories.5944However, we've seen repeated attempts to siphon funds from the Science5945Mission Directorate to cover cost overruns in the Artemis program. That5946approach undermines NASA's long-term scientific mission.59475948    Question 1. Given the importance of NASA Science to the nation, can5949you commit that, under your leadership, funding for the Artemis program5950will not come at the expense of the Science Mission Directorate which5951manage flagship observatories like Chandra?5952    Answer. As you've noted, I've been very public in my support for5953exploration assets like Chandra that continue to generate meaningful5954scientific returns. I don't believe in cutting small-dollar programs5955that are delivering real value--especially in science. If confirmed, I5956will advocate for protecting those investments and ensuring that5957science remains a core pillar of NASA's mission, even as we pursue5958ambitious goals through Artemis and other human spaceflight programs.5959NASA and Climate Data5960    Mr. Isaacman, from monitoring sea-level rise to polar ice loss to5961wildfires, NASA's satellites are the backbone of climate research used5962by scientists, policymakers, and the public across the globe.5963    NASA's Earth Observing System collects and archives more than 1475964terabytes of data each day. This data underpins climate action efforts5965at every level of government, drives global research collaborations,5966and informs life-saving disaster response. It's a public good relied on5967by communities worldwide.5968    Yet the Trump administration is undermining that work. A recent5969investigation found that large swaths of climate datasets,5970visualizations, and web tools--once publicly accessible--have been5971altered or taken down. This unprecedented rollback of public5972information compromises scientific continuity and transparency at a5973time of accelerating climate threats and extreme weather events.59745975    Question 1. If confirmed, will you commit to fully restoring and5976maintaining access to data as well as resisting any political pressure5977to sideline climate research?5978    Answer. As I mentioned during the hearing, I am not currently aware5979of any restrictions related to public access to NASA data, but if5980confirmed, I would look into this matter closely. I strongly support5981Earth Science and believe the data NASA collects can play a critical5982role in supporting the agriculture industry and mitigating the impacts5983of wildfires, droughts, flooding, and other natural hazards.5984                                 ______59855986    Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Gary Peters to5987                             Jared Isaacman5988    Question 1. Mr. Isaacman, I was happy to hear you say in the5989hearing that it is a fundamental responsibility of NASA to inspire the5990next generation. I agree that NASA's missions play a key role in doing5991so. The NASA Office of STEM Engagement also develops the next5992generation of scientists by providing for Michigan's Space Grant5993Consortium, which funds graduate fellowships, undergraduate research5994grants, faculty research grants, educational programs at the K-125995level, and NASA internships.5996    President Trump's previous NASA Administrator proposed zeroing out5997the budget for NASA's Office of STEM Engagement--something Congress5998blocked. A failure to invest in the next generation hamstrings U.S.5999competitiveness and makes it difficult to build on the work we have6000already invested billions in.6001    If confirmed, are you committed to continuing funding for NASA's6002STEM education programing? Do you agree that it is important for NASA6003to fund workforce initiatives that ultimately support their exploration6004accounts?6005    Answer. I hope my track record--both through my human spaceflight6006missions and my financial support for programs like Space Camp--makes6007clear how much I value STEM education. As I emphasized during the6008hearing, it all begins with completing the mission. It's been over half6009a century since Americans last walked on the Moon. Until we deliver on6010those goals, we are not living up to our full inspirational potential.6011    That said, I strongly support STEM initiatives that get students6012excited about science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.60136014    Question 2. Mr. Isaacman you've mentioned your passion for science6015and shared that you believe President Trump is hoping to usher in a6016golden age of science.6017    I remain deeply concerns about potential budget and staffing cuts6018that would only favor funding for the exploration account. A6019fundamental part of the Artemis missions are its science missions which6020seek to better understand lunar resources in preparation of sending6021humans to the moon. Beyond supporting exploration efforts NASA's6022science budget includes programs to research things like space weather6023which impacts our everyday lives.6024    Recent reporting suggests that OMB is planning to propose cutting6025NASA's Science budget by $3.4 billion, or about 45 percent. Do you6026think these cuts would reduce science capacity at the agency to unlock6027the future of space?6028    Answer. I have not been privy to any internal budgetary planning or6029decision making conversations at the agency. If confirmed, I look6030forward to reviewing OMB's recommendations and working with Congress to6031determine the appropriate level of funding to ensure NASA can execute6032its mission. That said, I will always be an advocate for NASA and its6033science portfolio.60346035    Question 3. Recent reporting suggests that OMB is planning to6036propose cutting NASA's Science budget by $3.4 billion, or about 456037percent. If confirmed, will you commit to pushing back on OMB and the6038President if they recommend these cuts?6039    Answer. I have not been privy to any internal budgetary planning or6040decision making conversations at the agency. If confirmed, I look6041forward to reviewing OMB's recommendations and working with Congress to6042determine the appropriate level of funding to ensure NASA can execute6043its mission. That said, I will always be an advocate for NASA and its6044science portfolio.60456046    Question 4. Mr. Isaacman, in the hearing you stated your commitment6047to following existing law which directs the NASA Administrator to6048``establish a program to develop a sustained human presence in cis-6049lunar space or on the Moon''. You also mentioned that you do not6050believe that the Space Launch System is a good long-term option for6051getting astronauts to and from the moon with great frequency.6052Commercial heavy lift launch vehicles have been suggested as potential6053alternatives for future missions to and from, but work is still being6054done to make them fully operational. What do you envision as the future6055alternative to the SLS and how will you ensure that NASA has the6056necessary resources to partner with commercial companies and invest in6057these alternatives?6058    Answer. As I've said before, I believe the SLS and existing Artemis6059architecture represent the fastest way to get American astronauts back6060to the Moon. But over the long term, it's not a sustainable or6061affordable solution. Fortunately, the commercial launch market is6062stronger than ever. Since SLS was first established, companies like6063Blue Origin, ULA, SpaceX, and Rocket Lab have made major investments in6064heavy-lift capabilities. Competition drives down costs and accelerates6065innovation. In that respect, at some point the government will need to6066move on from competing with commercial industry in launch and invest in6067the next generation spaceship technology, what no other agency or6068organization is capable of delivering, like the practical application6069of nuclear propulsion.60706071    Question 5. Programs and contracts like those in Artemis support6072thousands of jobs across the U.S. manufacturing supply chain. This is6073extremely important in Michigan especially where suppliers are critical6074to NASA's mission and goals. Any cuts to NASA programs equate to job6075cuts in Michigan and across the country.6076    Do you agree that part of the role NASA's programs can and do play6077is to strengthen critical national security manufacturing supply chains6078and jobs in aerospace?6079    Answer. Absolutely--but I also believe that every partner, vendor,6080and program must deliver. We should be paying for results and holding6081all stakeholders accountable when expectations aren't met. I'm not6082putting all the responsibility on contractors--NASA's own program6083management plays a role as well. But no one should be satisfied that6084every President since 1989 has called for a return to the Moon and a6085path to Mars, and despite more than $100 billion invested across6086Constellation and Artemis, we have yet to fly a single crewed mission6087around the Moon let alone land on it. That must change.60886089    Question 6. Every year I coordinate a bipartisan letter to our6090Appropriations Commerce, Science, and Justice subcommittee asking that6091they support the funding necessary to ensure Artemis missions can6092launch on time. Delays in the launch schedule not only delay scientific6093discovery but can lead to additional costs.6094    What is your plan to ensure that NASA has the necessary resources6095to maintain Artemis' launch schedule? If your plan is to speed up the6096launch schedule, how exactly do you plan to do so?6097    Answer. My approach is shaped by 26 years of experience leading6098high-performance teams in business, along with a background in6099aerospace and commercial space. I've built companies from the ground6100up, led acquisitions and turnarounds, and flown to space twice on6101record-breaking missions. What I've learned is that results don't come6102from slogans or slide decks--they come from leadership that's present,6103hands-on, and relentlessly focused on mission execution. NASA knows6104this better than anyone--based on what has been accomplished6105historically--we just need to restore that mission-first culture.6106    If confirmed, I'll roll up my sleeves, get in the trenches with the6107team, and lead a cultural and program management transformation. We'll6108take a hard look at the real problems--both internal and external--that6109slow progress and put timelines and budgets at risk. Key areas of focus6110will include:61116112   Reducing organizational bureaucracy to streamline6113        communication and accelerate decision-making61146115   Strengthening program management with clear ownership,6116        defined timelines, and measurable results61176118   Driving vendor accountability through transparent6119        performance metrics and consequences when expectations--6120        especially those owed to taxpayers--are not met61216122   Reinforcing a culture of urgency and ownership at every6123        level of the agency--we don't go home until the day's problem6124        is solved because no one else will solve it for us--and then we6125        do it all over again the next day NASA has the talent and6126        resources to achieve the near-impossible. But when major6127        programs fall behind, it delays world-changing discoveries,6128        fails to meet our inspirational obligations, and undermines the6129        credibility of the agency the public entrusts with its hope for6130        future generations.61316132    Question 7. Mr. Isaacman, we have seen massive reductions in6133staffing across agencies. Earlier this year it was reported that NASA6134negotiated with the Office of Personnel Management to avoid mass6135layoffs. Additionally, there are reports that up to 5 percent of NASA's6136staff already accepted a buyout agreement.6137    We have also heard that NASA staff are awaiting a realignment plan6138that will further reduce NASA staffing numbers. You have big plans for6139NASA, but I fail to see how we achieve them if we are not retaining6140talent.6141    What is your plan to ensure that NASA remains sufficiently staffed?6142How do you plan to do that in an environment where NASA's budget6143decreases?6144    Answer. If confirmed, I hope to be in a position to lead these6145discussions thoughtfully and constructively. As I stated in my prepared6146remarks, I'm stepping away from my business career--and my commercial6147spaceflight career--because I believe I owe a debt to this Nation and6148want to contribute to NASA's extraordinary mission.6149    I'm not here for a title. I'm here to help the agency, not6150dismantle it. And if NASA is working on what no other organization on6151Earth can accomplish--world-changing missions--I believe it will6152continue to attract and retain the talent it needs to succeed.61536154    Question 8. Have you communicated with--including over messaging6155app, e-mail, or in person--Elon Musk since accepting your nomination?6156    Answer. No.61576158    Question 8a. If yes, what was the substance of the communication?6159    Answer. N/A.6160                                 ______61616162   Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Tammy Baldwin to6163                             Jared Isaacman61641. Inspiring the Next Generation of STEM Professionals6165    Each year, the Wisconsin Space Grant Consortium hosts an annual6166First Nations Launch National Rocket Competition. This competition6167serves as an opportunity for students at Tribal Colleges and6168Universities, Native American-Serving Nontribal Institutions, and6169members of American Indian Science and Engineering Society chapters to6170gain experience and explore engineering and design principles to6171inspire these students to pursue careers in aerospace.6172    If confirmed, will you support programs, such as the First Nations6173Launch National Rocket Competition, that encourage, inspire and train6174students from diverse backgrounds to pursue careers in aerospace and6175STEM?6176    Answer. While I am not directly familiar with the First Nations6177Launch National Rocket Competition, I firmly believe it is a core6178obligation of NASA to inspire the next generation to join the adventure6179and reach even higher. I am a strong advocate for STEM programs--6180especially those that deliver high-impact outcomes from relatively6181small investments.61822. Role of Commercial Space Industry6183    In your testimony, you briefly discussed the importance of6184determining the future of the space economy before the de-orbiting of6185the International Space Station.6186    Why do you believe scientific innovation alone is not justification6187to continue investing in the ISS or future space stations? What do you6188picture the future of the space economy to look like and what economic6189value do you envision discovering if you are confirmed? What role do6190you believe commercial space companies should play in determining the6191economic activity in space?6192    Answer. Like millions of others, I envision a future where humanity6193becomes a spacefaring civilization, rich in scientific discovery and6194exploration. But I'm also realistic--budgets are not unlimited. For6195space to reach its full potential, we must unlock its economic value.6196If the ISS or future space stations are to continue operating in the6197long term, they cannot rely solely on government funding; there must be6198a pathway toward sustainable commercial engagement.6199    If confirmed, I would welcome input from the best and brightest6200across NASA, academia, and industry. In the near term, I believe the6201greatest opportunities are in the pharmaceutical and biotech sectors,6202where the microgravity environment can yield breakthroughs. Over the6203medium term, mineral extraction and on-orbit manufacturing may also6204become economically viable.6205    Commercial space companies should play an active and collaborative6206role in shaping this future. Alongside international partners and6207academic institutions, they can help identify the highest-potential6208science and research that will ignite a true space economy. NASA's role6209should be to lead, convene, and help de-risk that future--while keeping6210its focus on what no other agency or organization can accomplish.62113. NASA Budget6212    It has been reported that the preliminary version of President6213Donald Trump's budget calls for a cut of 47 percent to NASA science.6214    If NASA's budget is cut by 47 percent, how would this impact future6215science projects at NASA? Would any projects be fully terminated?6216    Answer. If confirmed, I look forward to reviewing OMB's6217recommendations and working with Congress to determine the appropriate6218level of funding to ensure NASA can execute its mission. That said, I6219will always be an advocate for NASA and its science portfolio.62204. Conflicts of Interests6221    During your hearing, you refused to answer whether Elon Musk was in6222the room when President Trump interviewed you and offered you the NASA6223Administrator appointment.62246225    Question 4a. To your knowledge did Elon Musk recommend your6226nomination to President Trump?62276228    Question 4b. Do you believe it would have been improper for Elon6229Musk, who holds extensive contracts with NASA and deep conflicts of6230interest, to be in attendance for a nominee's interview with the6231President for the NASA Administrator appointment? If no, why?6232    Answer to 4a and 4b. I've heard that several retired Generals and6233Admirals I worked with while running my defense company had recommended6234me for different positions. I also had just returned--about two months6235before my nomination--from a record-breaking space mission. During that6236mission, my crew and I traveled farther from Earth than any humans in6237more than half a century. Two of my crewmates became the women who have6238traveled farthest from Earth, and we conducted dozens of research6239experiments, tested a new EVA suit during a `spacewalk', and pioneered6240next-generation communications--all widely covered in the media. So,6241while the nomination personally came as a surprise and an honor, it6242does not seem that unusual that my name was being circulated.6243    It is not my place to speculate on hypothetical situations. As I've6244said previously, my interview was with the President of the United6245States. He asked the questions, and he made the decision.6246                                 ______62476248    Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Jacky Rosen to6249                             Jared Isaacman6250Future of Space Stations6251    The request for proposals for phase two of the Commercial Low Earth6252Orbit Development Program is expected to define NASA's level of6253investment and commitment, awarding contracts to two or more commercial6254providers to ensure redundancy and competition for services, which are6255essential to driving innovation and economic growth.62566257    Question 1. Given the critical need for these providers to be6258operational before the ISS deorbits, if confirmed, how do you plan to6259ensure the timely development and deployment of these stations?6260    Answer. There are two parallel priorities I would focus on if6261confirmed.6262    First, we need to prioritize the highest-potential science and6263research on the ISS that could help ``crack the code'' on a sustainable6264orbital economy. These commercial stations won't succeed unless there's6265a strong value proposition in space, and NASA has a role to play in6266identifying and advancing the research that could unlock it--6267particularly in sectors like biotech, pharmaceuticals, and advanced6268manufacturing.6269    Second, we need to identify and clear the obstacles currently6270holding back commercial providers--whether they're technical,6271financial, regulatory, or bureaucratic. That means working closely with6272the companies involved, understanding where delays or hardships are6273occurring, and eliminating roadblocks wherever possible.6274    We are on the clock with the ISS's end of life timeline. If6275confirmed, I will do all I can to bring urgency and focus to ensuring a6276successful transition that doesn't leave a gap in our presence in low6277Earth orbit or jeopardize the emergence of a true space economy.6278NASA's Commitment to Commercial LEO Destinations (CLDs) Project6279    Commercial space companies have expressed concerns about6280overburdensome requirements, regulatory delays, indemnification, and6281the unpredictability of NASA's commitment to Commercial LEO6282Destinations project.62836284    Question 1. How will you ensure continuous presence in space and6285prevent a funding or policy gap that could undermine the success of6286these private space stations?6287    Answer. One of the greatest accomplishments of the ISS has been its6288ability to sustain human life in low Earth orbit over long durations.6289Meanwhile, the cost of transporting astronauts to and from LEO has come6290down significantly from prior generation vehicles like Shuttle. So, the6291challenge today isn't launch--it's the economic viability of commercial6292LEO destinations.6293    As currently contemplated, these future stations will rely in part6294on government subsidies, but that model is unlikely to be sustainable6295in the absence of a real on-orbit economy. That's why I emphasized6296during my testimony how critical it is to maximize the remaining life6297of the ISS--not just to continue exploration, but to crack the code on6298the space economy and give commercial providers the best possible6299chance to succeed. If confirmed, I'll prioritize this effort and do all6300I can to ensure a seamless transition that avoids a gap in presence and6301purpose in LEO.63026303    Question 2. Given your private sector background, what changes6304would you advocate for in NASA's approach to managing technical6305requirements, cost, schedule, and risk to make it more agile and6306commercially friendly while maintaining accountability?6307    Answer. To start, I'm not convinced the current system enforces any6308real accountability. Programs run over budget, fall behind schedule,6309and the only consequence seems to be cancellation. That's not6310sustainable for an agency with world-changing goals.6311    If confirmed, I will get in the trenches to understand the root6312causes. It's clear that bureaucratic layers have formed--often serving6313their own preservation rather than the mission. In the private sector,6314resources--whether people, capital, infrastructure, or leadership--are6315aligned around clear goals with defined outcomes and performance6316metrics. That makes it easy to spot when something is off track and6317implement course corrections early.6318    I intend to bring that mindset and my experience running two large,6319successful companies--including in aerospace--into NASA. The agency6320doesn't lack talent or capability; it needs a clearer alignment between6321mission and execution, and a mission-first culture that values6322execution, ownership and urgency. That's how we'll restore momentum and6323complete the ambitious goals the Nation expects from NASA.6324NASA EPSCoR Funding6325    One of my top priorities in Congress is supporting growth in STEM6326fields by investing in education and workforce training that will6327bolster STEM opportunities for everyone. As you know, NASA EPSCoR is a6328joint federal-state program designed to allow more states to6329participate in space and aeronautics research. In Nevada, schools such6330as the University of Nevada, Reno and the Desert Research Institute6331rely on NASA EPSCoR seed funding for research and scholarships in order6332to enhance STEM opportunities.63336334    Question 1. How can Congress further support the ESPCoR program and6335ensure NASA can continue to grow the program's reach and its diversity6336in scientific research?6337    Answer. As I mentioned during my testimony, NASA has a fundamental6338obligation to inspire the next generation to join this grand adventure6339and aim even higher. That inspiration starts by getting back to the6340mission--landing astronauts on the Moon and Mars, launching new6341telescopes, and delivering breakthrough scientific discoveries that6342captivate the world.6343    But inspiration alone isn't enough--we also need to provide6344pathways for participation. Programs like EPSCoR are essential because6345they help connect students and researchers from underserved regions and6346institutions to the opportunities that NASA provides.6347Initiatives in STEM Funding6348    I'm proud to have introduced several bipartisan STEM-related bills6349over the past several years, including my STEM RESTART Act with Senator6350Hyde-Smith, the Rural STEM Act with Senator Wicker--which was included6351in the CHIPS and Science Act--and the Building Blocks of STEM Act with6352Senator Capito, which was signed into law in the 116th Congress.6353However, there is still more work to be done, particularly in breaking6354down barriers that stand in the way of students of all ages and6355backgrounds from pursuing STEM education and STEM careers.63566357    Question 1. How can NASA work to break down barriers to young6358people in STEM so that in the future you have the workforce you need to6359continue to make scientific breakthroughs?6360    Answer. I firmly believe that if NASA can deliver on the mission--6361what no other agency or organization on Earth can achieve--then6362recruiting, retention, STEM engagement, and inspiration will largely6363take care of themselves. That's the first step: accomplish bold, world-6364changing goals that ignite imagination and ambition.6365    But we also have to create tangible pathways for participation that6366also serve NASA's mission. As I mentioned in my remarks, NASA should be6367a force multiplier for science--leveraging its talent, infrastructure,6368and partnerships to push down opportunities to academia.6369                                 ______63706371   Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Ben Ray Lujan to6372                             Jared Isaacman6373    Question 1. I recently introduced legislation to hold special6374government employees, like Elon Musk, accountable and prevent them from6375acting in their own financial interest. I'm concerned to hear media6376releases that discuss SpaceX's connection to China, specifically, the6377article published March 26, 2025, titled ``How Elon Musk's SpaceX6378Secretly Allows Investment from China,'' which details how investors6379from China buy stakes in the company as long as funds are routed6380through offshore hubs. As you know, Musk's company SpaceX has been6381awarded many NASA contracts, including their human lander system (HLS)6382for the Artemis moon missions. I understand that the contracting6383officer at NASA who awarded SpaceX this contract now works for SpaceX6384overseeing the Starship development. Do you believe that companies with6385contracts like the HLS should receive investment from China? Will NASA6386proactively identify and mitigate conflicts of interest and enforce6387government transparency?6388    Answer. I'm not familiar with the specific article or any related6389claims regarding a particular vendor. That said, I would hope that6390NASA--and the broader U.S. government--have implemented the appropriate6391safeguards to ensure open, fair competition while also protecting6392against influence from geopolitical adversaries. If confirmed, you can6393count on my full commitment to protecting American interests, ensuring6394transparency, and maintaining a level playing field that advances our6395national security and space leadership.63966397    Question 2. Commercial providers have put forth faster and cheaper6398solutions than the current NASA architecture has laid out. If6399confirmed, can you ensure that NASA will fairly consider all commercial6400procurement options to fund multiple industry concepts through early6401design phases to maximize innovation?6402    Answer. Competition is a core ingredient of our economic system--6403and I'm a strong believer in its power to drive both innovation and6404affordability. If confirmed, I will ensure that NASA remains open to6405new ideas and that we create space for commercial solutions to be6406evaluated fairly, particularly in early-phase development where6407multiple concepts can unlock future capability and cost efficiencies.64086409    Question 3. Congress has consistently supported the development of6410a sustainable Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) economy, including utilizing6411microgravity research, space-based manufacturing, and human6412spaceflight, while leveraging commercial platforms to reduce government6413costs and expand market opportunities. What role do you see for NASA in6414ensuring the United States is a leader in capabilities such as space-6415based manufacturing and microgravity research?6416    Answer. As I stated in my prepared remarks and throughout my6417testimony, unlocking a sustainable space economy is imperative. After6418more than 60 years of space exploration, the space economy remains6419centered around launch, observation, and communications--largely funded6420by government contracts. That is not enough for the future we all6421imagine in space.6422    If confirmed, I will prioritize identifying the highest-potential6423science and research opportunities--especially in areas like6424biotechnology, pharmaceutical development, and on-orbit manufacturing--6425and work closely with commercial partners, academia, and international6426allies to help ignite a true economic engine in space.64276428    Question 4. NASA's Commercial Low-Earth Orbit Development Program6429is critical to ensuring that China does not surpass the U.S. in6430leadership in LEO. The recently introduced NASA Transition6431Authorization Act pushes NASA to down select to two commercial6432providers by March of 2026, with one being operational by 2030. What6433actions will you take to ensure an orderly transition to commercial6434space stations to maintain our continuous human presence? What are the6435key challenges you foresee in ensuring there is no gap in human6436presence in LEO, and how should NASA support a smooth handover to6437commercial platforms?6438    Answer. Keeping astronauts alive in space for long durations is one6439of the ISS's greatest achievements. Meanwhile, the cost of launching to6440and from LEO has declined steadily over the decades. So the challenge6441isn't the continuous `heart beat' in space--it's the economic viability6442of commercial space stations.6443    As they are currently structured, many commercial platforms are6444expected to rely on government subsidies, yet we haven't seen a self-6445sustaining on-orbit economy emerge. That's why, during my testimony, I6446emphasized the importance of making the most of the ISS's remaining6447lifespan--to help crack the code on the space economy and give6448commercial providers the best possible shot at success. If confirmed, I6449will make this a priority and ensure NASA provides the technical,6450logistical, and strategic support needed for a seamless transition.64516452    Question 5. Will you commit to supporting the development of a6453national strategy for commercial spaceports, funding for spaceports,6454and best practices that could be led by NASA?6455    Answer. I believe it is a national security vulnerability to have6456too few facilities for the launch and recovery of space vehicles. If6457confirmed, I would work with the Department of Defense, FAA, and other6458stakeholders to ensure the United States has the infrastructure6459capacity to meet the growing demands of national security, commercial,6460and civil space operations.64616462    Question 6. The Suborbital Crew Program (SubC) offers government6463employees, including NASA astronauts and researchers, the opportunity6464to train aboard suborbital vehicles as a part of their preparations for6465longer-durations missions. The SubC program is also a way for6466astronauts to practice on experiments they might be conducting in6467microgravity in the future. Can you provide an update and explain your6468support for utilizing additional flight training in space and more time6469in microgravity for our NASA astronauts and researchers through the6470SubC program? After all, the first American in space flew a suborbital6471mission and we can all agree on the benefits Alan Shepherd's flight had6472on the future of the Astronaut Corps.6473    Answer. Suborbital spaceflight offers meaningful microgravity6474experience at significantly lower cost and likely lower risk than6475orbital missions. It's an efficient capability that we should be using6476to prepare astronauts and researchers for longer-duration missions and6477experiment validation.6478                                 ______64796480 Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. John Hickenlooper to6481                             Jared Isaacman6482STEM & Science Missions6483    NASA's missions fulfill national goals and advance science. From6484the Artemis Mission to return to the moon, the Hubble and James Webb6485Space Telescopes, and returning samples collected from asteroids and6486Mars, space is a powerful tool to attract students to STEM fields.64876488    Question 1. Mr. Isaacman, in what way could these key NASA missions6489inspire the next generation of scientists?6490    Answer. Exactly right--NASA inspires by doing the mission. When we6491accomplish the near-impossible, when we explore the unknown and deliver6492breakthrough discoveries, we ignite the imagination of the next6493generation. That's how students choose to pursue science, technology,6494engineering, and math--not just because they're told to, but because6495they want to be part of something bold and meaningful.6496    Hubble has inspired the world for decades. Now it's time to get the6497next generation of telescopes into orbit--and astronauts on the Moon6498and eventually Mars. That's how we continue the cycle of inspiration6499and achievement.65006501    Question 2. If confirmed, will you commit to prioritizing the6502advancement of NASA's existing portfolio of science and STEM missions,6503including funding new and existing space telescopes and partnerships6504with academic institutions?6505    Answer. Consistent with my testimony, I want NASA to be a force6506multiplier for science. That means launching more missions--more6507telescopes, more probes, more rovers--and deepening partnerships with6508academia (and their healthy endowments) to ensure students and6509researchers are active participants in that work.6510    If confirmed, you can expect me to be a passionate advocate for6511science. The discoveries we make--and the way we make them--are6512foundational to both our national competitiveness and our ability to6513inspire future generations.6514Artemis and Gateway6515    NASA is currently partnering with commercial space companies to6516return astronauts to the moon and establish an orbiting lunar outpost6517that can be used for scientific research and as a pathway for missions6518to Mars.65196520    Question 3. How do you plan to prioritize exploration on the Moon6521under the Artemis Program, led by NASA in collaboration with commercial6522partners?6523    Answer. As I've stated in previous responses and during my6524testimony, I believe the current Artemis architecture is the fastest6525path to landing American astronauts back on the Moon--something every6526President has called for since 1989. That said, it's clear the program6527has struggled with cost, schedule, and execution. Over $100 billion has6528been invested in this effort, and yet we still haven't flown humans6529around the Moon let alone landing on it.6530    If confirmed, I will focus on getting Artemis back on track. That6531means working alongside NASA leadership, commercial partners, and6532program managers to address the root causes of delays--bureaucracy,6533program misalignment, and lack of accountability--and restoring a6534mission-first culture across the agency. We must deliver results,6535demonstrate progress, and prove to the world that NASA can once again6536achieve the extraordinary.65376538    Question 4. If confirmed, how will you plan for human exploration6539on Mars while maintaining a consistent lunar presence?6540    Answer. Artemis is the current plan, but that doesn't preclude6541parallel efforts to pursue the President's inspiring and ambitious goal6542of sending American astronauts to Mars. In fact, many of the6543technologies and capabilities NASA is already investing in--such as6544surface nuclear power systems, nuclear electric propulsion, and nuclear6545thermal propulsion--are highly relevant for Mars exploration, though6546they remain underfunded and subscale. Additionally, commercial partners6547under Artemis are developing very heavy-lift launch vehicles that could6548support both lunar and Mars missions.6549Mission Priorities6550    The Mars Sample Return mission is key to advancing our6551understanding of the red planet. NASA also conducts missions that6552observe the Earth to help support water conservation, forest health,6553and crop management.65546555    Question 5. How will you balance NASA's priorities between6556planetary exploration and Earth Science missions?6557    Answer. I am passionate about all of NASA's science and exploration6558missions--including both planetary and Earth sciences. Prioritizing6559these efforts isn't about choosing one over the other, but rather about6560identifying where the greatest breakthroughs are possible.6561    Some of this prioritization is guided by the decadal survey6562process, which I fully respect. But if confirmed, I would work closely6563with NASA's experts and stakeholders to evaluate missions based on6564their scientific promise, potential economic value, and relevance to6565national security. Whether we're uncovering the secrets of other worlds6566or advancing our understanding of Earth, the goal is the same: to6567deliver meaningful, world-changing results.6568Spectrum6569    Space operators rely on spectrum during launch, to support in-space6570operations, and for transmitting scientific data and imagery from Earth6571observations. As commercial uses of spectrum continue to increase, it6572is important to ensure that Federal agencies can continue conducting6573their missions while using spectrum efficiently.65746575    Question 6. How does NASA plan to continue working with Federal6576partners such as the NTIA and FCC to ensure sufficient spectrum is6577available to support science, commercial, and national security6578missions in a growing space ecosystem?6579    Answer. If confirmed, I would advocate for preserving the spectrum6580NASA requires to fulfill its on-orbit mission requirements. That said,6581I also believe we can take a proactive approach to reducing future6582demand.6583    Several commercial companies are already investing in advanced6584technologies like optical/laser forms of communications, which offer6585high-bandwidth alternatives to traditional systems.6586Space Debris6587    Satellites and space stations can be damaged or destroyed by6588orbital debris, threatening human lives in addition to commercial and6589national security missions in space. Globally, other nations are6590pursuing demonstration missions to refine their technologies to6591remediate space debris.6592    While NASA has studied space debris issues extensively, the U.S.6593cannot fall behind in deploying its own technological capabilities.65946595    Question 7. How can NASA help catalyze investments in developing6596and demonstrating technologies on-orbit, such as active debris removal,6597to support the safe and resilient use of space?6598    Answer. As I mentioned during my hearing, I'm very familiar with6599this issue--MMOD (Micrometeoroid and Orbital Debris) was the greatest6600threat to both of my space missions. While I'm not opposed to investing6601in active debris removal technologies, we need to be clear-eyed about6602the real challenge: the majority of the risk comes from millimeter-6603sized debris traveling at orbital velocities--objects too small to see6604or track but large enough to cause serious damage.6605    From a policy standpoint, the best thing we can do is stop making6606the problem worse. That means stronger international norms and6607accountability around responsible behavior in space--such as proper6608deorbiting practices, ending destructive ASAT testing, and avoiding6609uncontrolled satellite breakups, which are often caused by less6610responsible foreign actors.6611International Space Station6612    The International Space Station (ISS) is scheduled to operate6613through 2030, providing a platform for human presence in space and an6614opportunity to perform scientific research in microgravity.6615    Currently, NASA is working with the commercial sector to support6616the development of future commercial LEO destinations, which will6617maintain the United States' presence in LEO and offer the opportunity6618for continued microgravity research on-orbit.66196620    Question 8. How do you recommend NASA manage the ISS transition to6621ensure a safe deorbit plan while maintaining continued U.S. presence in6622low earth orbit?6623    Answer. To my understanding, NASA has already held a competition6624and selected a vendor to support the safe deorbiting of the ISS.6625    As such, my priority would be to maximize the remaining value of6626the ISS before it is decommissioned. We must prioritize the highest-6627potential science and research that can be conducted on the station--6628and do everything possible to ``crack the code'' on an on orbit6629economy. The success of commercial LEO destinations will depend on what6630we learn and accomplish now.6631                                 ______66326633Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Lisa Blunt Rochester to66346635                             Jared Isaacman6636    NASA's Space Grant program has played a critical role in expanding6637STEM education and research opportunities in states like Delaware.66386639    Question 1. If confirmed, will you commit to supporting the Space6640Grant program and ensuring its continued funding?6641    Answer. Programs like Space Grant help turn that inspiration into6642action by providing hands-on opportunities, academic support, and real6643pathways into the workforce. If confirmed, I would strongly support6644efforts that connect students to NASA's mission and help develop the6645talent needed to lead in space, science, and innovation.66466647    Question 2. How do you view NASA's role in fostering STEM education6648and workforce development through programs like Space Grant?6649    Answer. Inspiring the next generation to pursue careers in STEM is6650a fundamental obligation of NASA. Programs like Space Grant help turn6651that inspiration into action by providing hands-on opportunities,6652academic support, and real pathways into the workforce. If confirmed, I6653would strongly support efforts that connect students to NASA's mission6654and help develop the talent needed to lead in space, science, and6655innovation.6656                                 ______66576658      Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Ted Cruz to6659                             Olivia Trusty6660    Question 1. Many in Congress, including myself, are committed to6661ensuring broadband connectivity across the country. However, the6662Universal Service Fund--an annual, multi-billion-dollar program--has6663operated with minimal oversight or accountability from Congress since6664its establishment in 1996. This has led to significant mission creep,6665particularly during the Biden administration with respect to its6666unlawful expansion of the E-Rate program.6667    As the ``contribution base'' has continued to shrink, there have6668been increasing calls to expand that base--more accurately, to broaden6669the consumer tax burden--to additional sectors and services. As I6670stated in my Blueprint for USF Reform, expanding the base alone would6671not reduce the amount consumers pay but merely change the method of6672collecting their payments. It would conceal, rather than fix, mission6673creep and unaccountable spending and undermine incentives for the FCC6674to lower costs or improve program performance.6675    Expanding the revenue base before pursuing spending reform also6676puts the cart before the horse. As you acknowledged at your hearing,6677there are over 100 different overlapping broadband programs at 156678different Federal agencies. As such, before expanding the tax base, it6679is necessary to examine what the programs themselves are paying for and6680to what extent they continue to be necessary. Spending reform must6681precede revenue reform.66826683    Do you agree that reform to root out mission creep and waste,6684fraud, and abuse must be pursued before revenue reform?6685    Answer. Yes.66866687    Question 2. As we discussed in my office, will you commit not to6688expand the contribution base beyond clear, current FCC authority6689without explicit Congressional action to authorize such expansion?6690    Answer. Yes.6691                                 ______66926693    Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Dan Sullivan to6694                             Olivia Trusty6695Alaska Connect Fund6696    Question 1. In Alaska, communications access is critical for our6697communities, yet the terrain is unlike anywhere else. The weather is6698extreme. The building season is short. And, the permitting process is6699challenged by Federal land ownership. No other state has so many remote6700communities that are unconnected from any other infrastructure such as6701roads or utilities.6702    Providers face numerous challenges from an abbreviated construction6703season, to lack of commercial power, to the need to charter flights to6704conduct maintenance and repairs, and more.6705    In recognition of Alaska's challenges, the FCC has long recognized6706the importance of embracing flexible policies for Alaska.67076708    Will you commit to making sure that FCC policies are flexible so6709that they reflect the unique circumstances facing providers and need to6710tailor their universal service obligations accordingly?6711    Answer. If confirmed, I commit to working at the FCC to promote6712policies, including policies that involve universal service6713obligations, that are flexible and reflect the unique connectivity6714needs in Alaska.6715Outdated Media Ownership Requirements6716    Question 1. Chairman Carr has called this a ``break glass moment6717for local broadcasting'' and has said that he will be looking at the6718current local broadcast ownership rules and seeing which ones are no6719longer necessary because of all of the disruption in the media6720marketplace and the many different ways people consume media.6721    Updating, and in some cases eliminating these ownership rules, is6722important for a state like Alaska if we want to continue to receive6723important local news and information.6724    I am a strong supporter of local broadcast stations in my home6725state of Alaska. They provide important news, weather and emergency6726information to my constituents. These stations and stations across the6727country face economic challenges today due to market competition. These6728economic issues can lead to a reduction in their local news coverage,6729which we've seen in areas of our state.67306731    Ms. Trusty, will you work to ensure that the FCC is pro-active in6732adopting policies that protect local stations' ability to continue to6733serve their key role in our communities, including by relaxing6734ownership rules that were enacted decades ago when the media space6735looked very different from today?6736    Answer. If confirmed, I commit to promoting policies that protect6737local stations' ability to continue to serve their key role in6738communities across this country so that local broadcasters can better6739compete for viewers, programming, and advertising revenues in today's6740vibrant and dynamic media and video marketplace.6741                                 ______67426743  Response to Written Question Submitted by Hon. Marsha Blackburn to6744                             Olivia Trusty6745    Question. As you know, arrangements requiring musical performers to6746play at broadcast station events in exchange for airplay--particularly6747when coupled with threats of reduced airplay for non-compliance--6748violate the FCC's payola rules. These rules prohibit broadcasters from6749making programming decisions based on receiving anything of value6750without on-air disclosure of such consideration. Last month, after I6751sent a letter to the FCC, Chairman Carr issued an enforcement advisory6752addressing complaints that broadcasters are coercing musical artists to6753perform for free at station events or festivals by threatening to6754reduce their airplay if they refuse. If confirmed, will you commit to6755protecting American artists and continued vigilant enforcement of the6756FCC's payola rules?6757    Answer. Yes.6758                                 ______67596760     Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Todd Young to6761                             Olivia Trusty6762Undersea Cables6763    Question 1. As global demand for data capacity grows and6764geopolitical competition intensifies, undersea cable infrastructure has6765become increasingly vital to national security, economic6766competitiveness, and digital resilience.67676768    What is the FCC's plan to support the private sector's increasing6769demands for greater deployment of subsea infrastructure?6770    Answer. The FCC is actively reviewing subsea cable rules for the6771first time since 2001 through a notice of proposed rulemaking initiated6772in November 2024. Information collected through this proceeding will6773help inform the FCC's next steps pertaining to streamlining the6774licensing process of subsea cable infrastructure; more efficient6775coordination with Federal agencies regarding subsea cable projects; and6776enhancing the national security of this critical infrastructure.67776778    Question 2. What gaps do you see in FCC oversight of subsea6779infrastructure development and usage?6780    Answer. Today the FCC lacks sufficient transparency into the6781foreign ownership of undersea cable infrastructure development, as well6782as the security measures that subsea cable operators are implementing6783to protect this critical infrastructure from sabotage, disruption, or6784compromise.67856786    Question 3. What can Congress do to better support the FCC's6787undersea cable efforts?6788    Answer. To support the FCC's undersea cable efforts, Congress could6789do the following: help promote more U.S.-led undersea cable projects to6790reduce potential security risks stemming from the foreign ownership of6791undersea cables; explore the diversification of undersea cable traffic6792patterns or routes to ensure there is no single point of failure if6793there is a cable outage due to sabotage or natural disasters; and6794strengthen disaster recovery and emergency response plans for undersea6795cables that have been compromised.6796NextGen Television Standard6797    Question 1. Ms. Trusty, two years ago Senator Schatz and I wrote a6798letter to the FCC that was signed by 26 of our colleagues asking the6799Commission to expedite the continued rollout of the Next Generation6800Television Standard, or ATSC 3.0. The current standard, HD, has been6801around for almost 30 years and the new standard, NextGen, is a pro-6802consumer, innovative technology that not only provides viewers with6803much better picture and audio quality but also allows for targeted6804weather and emergency alerts. Just this week, the FCC invited public6805comment on a petition for rulemaking on this very issue, underscoring6806the growing momentum and continued interest in accelerating the6807modernization of this important technology.68086809    If confirmed, can you commit to working with your colleagues,6810Congress and industry to ensure the transition to NextGen TV happens6811expeditiously and in a way that benefits television viewers?6812    Answer. Yes.6813FCC International Leadership/Standard Setting6814    Question 1. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC), alongside6815other U.S. government agencies, is tasked with ensuring that American6816interests and values are effectively represented in these forums. Given6817the strategic importance of emerging technologies like 5G, satellite6818communications, and cybersecurity standards, U.S. engagement and6819leadership in global discussions is more important than ever.68206821    How do you view the FCC's role in international standard-setting6822bodies, and what steps can the Commission take to strengthen U.S.6823leadership in those forums?6824    Answer. The FCC works in coordination with the State Department and6825NTIA to ensure that global standards align with U.S. regulatory6826frameworks and technical priorities to foster more efficient, cost6827effective and interoperable communications services around the world.6828To strengthen U.S. leadership in these global forums, the FCC can work6829with the State Department and NTIA to develop a unified U.S. strategy6830in advance of global meetings and conferences and support efforts to6831build coalitions among international allies and partners. This will6832help ensure the United States is better positioned to counter those6833seeking to undermine U.S. values and interests in global forums.68346835    Question 2. What are the risks if the U.S. does not actively6836participate or lead in global standard-setting conversations?6837    Answer. If the U.S. does not actively participate or lead in global6838standards-setting forums, we risk losing our ability to lead in the6839development of next-generation communications technologies as well as6840our ability to lead in emerging technologies, such as artificial6841intelligence and quantum computing. Maintaining an active U.S. presence6842in these global forums is foundational to our continued ability to6843promote human flourishing, economic competitiveness, and national6844security.68456846    Question 3. How can the FCC better coordinate with other Federal6847agencies, like NTIA or the State Department, to present a unified U.S.6848position internationally?6849    Answer. Coordination among the FCC, State Department, and NTIA is6850essential to advancing the United States' economic and national6851security interests abroad. This coordination can be guided by6852interagency working groups, memoranda of understanding, or joint6853strategic plans that define roles, responsibilities, and procedures for6854coordination and could provide strategic roadmaps for advancing U.S.6855interests in international forums.6856                                 ______68576858    Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. John Curtis to6859                             Olivia Trusty6860    Question 1. Local TV and radio stations are the backbone of our6861communities. They remain one of the last and best sources of local news6862in the areas they serve. But these local broadcasters are at risk of6863being left behind as FCC ownership rules--many of which predate the6864internet--limit their ability to compete with new forms of news6865consumption, like social media. Do you believe the FCC's media6866ownership rules are still appropriate in today's digital landscape? Why6867or why not?6868    Answer. The media marketplace has changed dramatically over the6869last two decades. This change has been driven largely by technology6870advancements and changes in consumers preferences. Today, U.S.6871consumers now have access to a variety of programming options across6872multiple platforms, which makes for a more personalized television6873viewing experience.6874    To ensure that local broadcasters and radio stations can compete6875and support their vital news gathering operations in the midst of this6876technological change, the FCC has a responsibility to modernize its6877regulatory framework to reflect the realities of this vibrant and6878dynamic media marketplace. Modern rules will better position local6879broadcasters and radio stations to compete for viewers, advertising6880revenues, and programming, which can ultimately foster greater6881investments into local news and investigative journalism in communities6882across the country.6883                                 ______68846885Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Shelley Moore Capito to68866887                             Olivia Trusty6888R-DOF Transparency6889    Question 1. Miss Trusty, thank you for your willingness to serve on6890the FCC. I enjoyed our conversation, and as I mentioned I care about6891the Rural Digital Opportunity Fund. I am looking forward to getting my6892Rural Broadband Protection Act signed into law, which will improve R-6893DOF and other programs on the front end, but I have questions about how6894the program is being carried out right now.6895    I would like to see a greater level of public reporting, such as6896state-by-state milestone reports for providers and their committed6897locations which would provide greater visibility into the progress of6898the program. This type of reporting would provide assurance that6899program participants are on track and expected to meet required6900milestones. Moreover, the FCC could detail its methods for performance6901testing and verify that service is being delivered as reported.69026903    Can you commit to working to improve transparency in R-DOF?6904    Answer. Yes.6905Designated Market Areas6906    Question 2. I am glad to see the Chairman's ``Delete, delete,6907delete,'' effort underway. There are lots of burdensome regulations6908that the FCC should review. One that I have heard about from my state6909are Designated Market Area requirements for TV providers. Some parts of6910my state are forced to watch D.C. or Pittsburgh channels rather than6911West Virginia stations.69126913    Do you agree that D-M-A requirements should be reviewed?6914    Answer. I agree that D-M-A requirements should be reviewed as part6915of efforts to expand access to local news in West Virginia and other6916states across the country.6917Local Broadcasters6918    Question 3. Staying on the broadcast topic, West Virginians trust6919and rely on their local stations more than any other media entity.6920Chairman Carr has stated that the local broadcast industry is at a6921``break glass moment.''69226923    Do you agree with that, and if so, what do you think can be done to6924ensure the industry's survival and allow it to better compete with the6925increasing threats from Big Tech in the marketplace?6926    Answer. I agree with Chairman Carr that the local broadcast6927industry is at a ``break glass moment.'' To ensure local broadcasters6928can survive, I believe that the regulatory framework governing the U.S.6929media and video marketplace needs to be modernized to help broadcasters6930better compete against Big Tech for viewers, programming, and6931advertising revenues. I believe this will help increase localism and6932diversity, and advance the public interest in the media and video6933marketplace.6934WV Visit6935    Question 4. West Virginia is unlike any other state in terms of6936deploying broadband and if confirmed, I would like to host you in the6937state to get to see some of our challenges first hand.69386939    Can you commit to visiting West Virginia as a member of the FCC6940with me?6941    Answer. Absolutely. I would be honored to visit West Virginia.6942                                 ______69436944   Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Maria Cantwell to6945                             Olivia Trusty6946    Local journalism. As discussed at your confirmation hearing, I6947believe local journalism is more important than ever, as are the local6948broadcast stations that serve their communities with access to trusted,6949on-the-ground news and reporting. The public deserves relevant,6950authentic local news that tells them what is happening in their6951communities.6952    Our democracy relies on open debate, and no government official6953should use their authority to stifle reporting, interfere with6954editorial decisions, or undermine constitutional rights. To ensure that6955the public continues to have access to trusted, non-partisan6956information, we need to find ways to help broadcasters serve their6957communities free from government intimidation.69586959    Question 1. How can the Federal Communications Commission (FCC, the6960Commission) promote local journalism?6961    Answer. The FCC can promote localism by modernizing the regulatory6962framework governing today's media marketplace. Modernizing rules can6963help local broadcasters and radio stations compete against Big Tech for6964viewers, advertising revenues, and programming. Broadcasters can then6965be better positioned to invest more resources into local news and6966investigative journalism in communities across the country.69676968    Question 2. Would modernizing FCC regulations like the treatment of6969virtual multichannel video programming distributors (vMVPDs) help level6970the playing field for local journalism?6971    Answer. It is important for the FCC to conduct a holistic review of6972FCC regulations governing the media marketplace and modernize those6973rules based on information in the record. Such information will likely6974inform how the FCC should move forward to best increase the6975availability of local news and enhance local broadcasters' ability to6976compete against vMVPDs.69776978    Media and Free Speech Protections. Free speech is paramount under6979our laws, but we have witnessed the Trump Administration's efforts to6980target major outlets and smaller broadcast stations alike in repeated6981attacks against the truth. President Trump's FCC Chair, for example,6982has launched unprecedented attacks on the freedom of the press, using6983sham investigations to pressure and harass regulated companies in an6984effort to intimidate and bully them into submission.69856986    Question 1. Do you believe that the FCC should be weaponized6987against media organizations?6988    Answer. No.69896990    Question 2. Will you reject efforts by the Commission to impede or6991restrict the freedom of the press?6992    Answer. Yes.69936994    Question 3. Should the FCC exercise its regulatory powers,6995including but not limited to merger approvals, spectrum authorization,6996and licensing authority, to threaten companies simply if they do not6997agree with the current administration?6998    Answer. No.69997000    Affordable Connectivity Program. The Affordable Connectivity7001Program (ACP) helped 23 million households pay for essential broadband7002service before it ran out of funding last year. I have long been7003concerned that we don't have the right strategy to make broadband7004affordable for all Americans.70057006    Question 1. Ms. Trusty, you said that affordable broadband was one7007of your top priorities. How will you accomplish this at the FCC?7008    Answer. If confirmed, I will work to expand access to affordable7009broadband by promoting more competition and choice in the broadband7010marketplace. I believe that more choice in the marketplace will lead to7011lower prices for consumers. I will also work to remove regulatory7012barriers that increase the cost of deploying broadband for providers7013and ultimately increase the cost of purchasing broadband services for7014consumers.70157016    Question 2. Do you believe that the ACP should be renewed?7017    Answer. I support the Committee's continued efforts to expand7018access to affordable broadband. I would ultimately defer to Congress as7019to whether the ACP should be renewed.70207021    Universal Service Fund. Promoting universal access to7022telecommunications services is one of the FCC's core principles. In7023Section 254 of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, Congress7024directed the FCC to advance universal access to telecommunications7025services that are essential to education, public health, or public7026safety, and that are consistent with the public interest, convenience,7027and necessity. Yet the Universal Service Fund (USF) is at risk due to7028legal challenges to the FCC's ability to administer the Fund, and to7029Congress's right to direct the FCC to advance the goals of universal7030service. Moreover, a bipartisan group of members of this Committee has7031been working to ensure that the FCC can continue in its mission to7032offer connectivity to modern communications for all.70337034    Question 1. Yes or no: Will you support the Commission's efforts to7035advance universal service, consistent with the public interest,7036convenience, and necessity, for services essential to education, public7037health, and public safety?7038    Answer. Yes.70397040    Question 2. While I am aware that the issue is currently being7041litigated, do you believe that Section 254 and the USF are legal?7042    Answer. It would be imprudent for me to prejudge the legality of an7043issue that is currently being challenged before the Supreme Court.70447045    Free and Open Internet. Connectivity in the 21st Century depends7046upon access to a free and open Internet that protects consumers,7047competition, and innovation, and promotes public safety and national7048security. As the expert agency on communications, the FCC's policies7049must advance access to broadband without preference for any content or7050traffic online, and without favoring any particular service,7051technology, or provider.70527053    Question 1. Should Internet service providers be allowed to block7054websites or content?7055    Answer. I believe that Congress is best positioned to determine the7056rules governing Internet service providers' network management7057practices to ensure the continuation of a highly competitive, robust,7058and innovative Internet economy that is available to all Americans. If7059confirmed, I would welcome the opportunity to be a part of any7060legislative effort related to this issue.70617062    Question 2. Should Internet service providers be allowed to7063prioritize a website or a service by speeding it up or slowing down7064other content in exchange for payment?7065    Answer. I believe that Congress is best positioned to determine the7066rules governing Internet service providers' network management7067practices to ensure the continuation of a highly competitive, robust,7068and innovative Internet economy that is available to all Americans. If7069confirmed, I would welcome the opportunity to be a part of any7070legislative effort related to this issue.70717072    Question 3. Since the first Trump Administration repealed net7073neutrality rules in 2017, the FCC has received approximately 40,0007074consumer complaints about Internet service providers concerning7075``speed, throttling, open internet, and data cap'' concerns. Do you7076believe the FCC has a role to play in addressing these complaints?7077    Answer. The FCC has a responsibility to investigate consumer7078complaints and act as necessary in accordance with facts in the record,7079FCC precedent, and the FCC's authorities under the law.70807081    Tribal Coordination and Outreach. Washington State is home to 297082federally recognized Tribes, each with their own Tribal government7083working to preserve culture, protect resources, and improve the lives7084of those in their communities. Accessing modern communications like7085broadband is an essential tool for advancing these goals and requires7086coordination at the local, state, and Federal level.70877088    Question 1. Yes or no: Do you commit to working with Tribal7089governments on broadband connectivity and deployment issues relevant to7090their communities?7091    Answer. Yes.70927093    Question 2. If confirmed, will you advance policies at the FCC that7094recognize the sovereignty of Tribal governments and encourage7095coordination with Tribal representatives?7096    Answer. Yes70977098    Question 3. Recently, the Commission has invested in targeted7099outreach efforts to increase participation of Tribal libraries in the7100E-Rate program. If confirmed, what steps will you commit to continuing7101to prioritize support for Tribal libraries? What steps will you take to7102ensure such outreach continues, and what recommendations will you make7103to improve the Commission's efforts?7104    Answer. The Universal Service Fund and the programs it supports are7105facing an uncertain future, in part, because of a shrinking7106contribution base. If confirmed, I commit to working with Congress and7107interested stakeholders to identify a ``specific, predictable, and7108sufficient'' form of support that empowers the FCC to continue7109addressing connectivity needs across the country, including the7110connectivity needs of Tribal libraries. I also commit to making7111recommendations and working within the Commission to streamline7112application processes, provide technical assistance, and promote the7113availability of digital literacy and workforce development programs in7114Tribal communities to improve the Commission's efforts to expand access7115to modern communications services in these areas.71167117    988. In recent years, the FCC has played an integral role in7118expanding access to 988--The Suicide & Crisis Lifeline, first by7119designating a three-digit number to make it easier for those in crisis7120to reach help, then by supporting texting to 988, and most recently by7121implementing geo-routing to route callers to their closest 988 call7122center. Yet the Trump Administration's cuts to the Federal workforce,7123including massive cuts at the Department of Health and Human Services,7124threaten to cripple support and staffing resources for 988, cutting off7125access to critical mental health services, including for the LGBTQIA+7126community, veterans, and Spanish speakers.71277128    Question 1. If confirmed, will you support policies at the FCC that7129will continue to promote and expand access to 988 for all who need it,7130regardless of background, sex, gender, race, or creed?7131    Answer. Yes.71327133    Robocalls and Robotexts. In your testimony, you pledged to protect7134consumers from illegal robocalls. Washingtonians receive tens of7135millions of robocalls each month, and one study in 2024 suggests that7136Washington consumers are among those who receive the most spam calls in7137the country. Unwanted text messages are also a growing nuisance.71387139    Question 1. How will you work to reduce the number of unwanted, and7140often fraudulent, robocalls for all Americans, including consumers in7141Washington State?7142    Answer. If confirmed, I will work with Congress to help strengthen7143the FCC's authorities to combat unwanted and fraudulent robocalls. I7144will also work with international partners as well as state attorneys7145general to protect consumers from these abusive calls. If confirmed, I7146also commit to supporting efforts to develop more proactive call7147blocking measures to prevent robocalls from reaching consumers in the7148first place.71497150    Question 2. Do you support regulations that work to reduce the7151number of spam text messages?7152    Answer. I support the idea that new regulations may be necessary to7153reduce the number of spam text messages.71547155    Cyber Security. The United States has been under increasing cyber-7156attacks by hostile foreign powers, notably China and Russia. Last year,7157Chinese hackers, as part of the Salt Typhoon attack, hacked into U.S.7158telecom networks and monitored phone calls and text messages, targeting7159prominent figures, including Vice President J.D. Vance.71607161    Question 1. What is the FCC's role in mitigating attacks like Salt7162Typhoon, and what should the FCC do to help prevent future attacks?7163    Answer. To mitigate future attacks like Salt Typhoon, the FCC has a7164responsibility to work with Federal partners to ensure7165telecommunications providers have the tools and resources they need to7166defend their networks against malicious cyber threat actors. To prevent7167future attacks, I believe the FCC should participate in ongoing whole-7168of-government conversations about how to improve the efficacy of the7169United States' deterrence efforts against nation state actors. The FCC7170should also work with Federal partners and the private sector to7171diversify and strengthen the U.S. domestic supply chain for7172telecommunications network components to increase the security of the7173Nation's communications infrastructure.71747175    Public Media. Public media provides a vital community service by7176offering local content, breaking news, and weather. But public7177television and radio stations are under attack by the Trump FCC, where7178the current Chair has initiated sham investigations to intimidate7179public media organizations that the President has deemed unfavorable.71807181    Question 1. If confirmed, will you support policies that promote7182and preserve public media in communities across the country?7183    Answer. If confirmed, I commit to ensuring that public media can7184operate in accordance with the law.71857186    FCC Independence. Congress established the FCC to oversee some of7187the most important institutions in our society, including the media7188industry. Because of this influence, the FCC is an independent agency7189and not subject to direct presidential control.7190    President Trump is now wrongfully trying to bring independent7191agencies under his control, recently firing the two Democratic7192commissioners at the Federal Trade Commission, another independent7193agency.71947195    Question 1. Do you believe it is important for the FCC to be7196independent of the President?7197    Answer. Whether agencies like the FCC are legally independent from7198the Executive Branch is subject to pending litigation. Whatever the7199FCC's legal status is determined to be, my commitment to this Committee7200and to Congress is that I will follow the facts in the record, FCC7201precedent, and the law with respect to any proceeding before the7202Commission, if confirmed.72037204    Question 2. Do you believe that the FCC benefits by having both7205Democratic and Republican Commissioners to debate and decide on policy7206and regulatory issues?7207    Answer. If confirmed, I will strive to reach consensus with7208everyone and anyone at the FCC in carrying out the agency's mission.72097210    Question 3. If confirmed, do you commit to carrying out your duties7211independently?7212    Answer. If confirmed, I will be guided by the facts in the record,7213FCC precedent, and the law with respect to any proceeding before the7214Commission.72157216    Question 4. Would you support the President's firing of an FCC7217Commissioner due solely to their political affiliation?7218    Answer. I would defer to the President, the Senate, and the Courts7219regarding the oversight and management of nominees.72207221    Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion. President Trump's FCC Chair has7222initiated a startling display of agency overreach by sending letters to7223three regulated companies--Comcast-NBCUniversal, Verizon, and Disney/7224ABC--informing them of investigations into their DEI practices. These7225letters, which cite concerns about each company's compliance with the7226FCC's equal employment opportunities rules, target policies that the7227Chair labels as ``invidious forms of DEI discrimination'' when they are7228in fact focused on encouraging and cultivating business opportunities7229for a diverse and qualified workforce.72307231    Question 1. Do you agree that a private company should be able to7232make a business decision to prioritize diversity free from FCC7233interference and second-guessing?7234    Answer. In accordance with Section 151 of the Communications Act,7235the FCC has a responsibility to make sure communications services are7236available to all Americans without discrimination on the basis of7237protected characteristics, including ``race, color, national origin, or7238sex''. The FCC also has a responsibility to enforce civil rights7239protections contained in Sections 334 and 554 of the Communications Act7240regarding equal employment opportunity. If confirmed, my commitment is7241to uphold and enforce the law.72427243    Bipartisan cooperation. Nominees to fill open seats on independent7244commissions are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate.7245This Committee has long worked with the White House to ensure that7246there is bipartisan cooperation when there are vacant seats to be7247filled by both parties.72487249    Question 1. Yes or no: Will you commit to working with this7250Committee and responding to any inquiries, regardless of party?7251    Answer. Yes.72527253    Question 2. Yes or no: Do you support having a fully staffed FCC7254with five Commissioners, including two Democrats?7255    Answer. If confirmed, my job will be to work with everyone and7256anyone at the FCC to carry out the mission of the agency. I would defer7257to the President, the Senate, and the Courts on the oversight and7258management of FCC nominees.72597260    Question 3. Yes or no: Do you think the American people benefit7261from having a fully staffed FCC?7262    Answer. I believe that the American people benefit when the FCC7263operates efficiently in carrying out its mission; is responsive to the7264connectivity needs of unserved or underserved communities across the7265country; and is a good steward of taxpayer dollars.72667267    Tariffs. President Trump's tariffs are raising the cost of living,7268crashing the stock market, and causing uncertainty for our business7269community.7270    Ms. Trusty, you spoke about the importance of affordable broadband.7271A recent study by Price Waterhouse Coopers found that these tariffs7272could raise costs in the telecom and technology sectors by $1267273billion.72747275    Question 1. Yes or no: Do you think that these tariffs will make7276broadband less affordable?7277    Answer. I am not an economic or finance policy expert and cannot7278offer an informed opinion on tariffs. That said, I have full faith and7279confidence in President Trump and his team to address trade imbalances7280that ultimately benefit the Nation's long-term domestic economic7281interests.72827283    Question 2. Yes or no: Do you think that tariffs will make7284broadband more expensive to deploy?7285    Answer. I am not an economic or finance policy expert and cannot7286offer an informed opinion on tariffs. That said, I have full faith and7287confidence in President Trump and his team to address trade imbalances7288that ultimately benefit the Nation's long-term domestic economic7289interests.72907291    Question 3. Yes or no: Do you think that tariffs will increase7292costs for entities participating the USF's High Cost program? If so,7293how should the Commission address those increased costs?7294    Answer. I am not an economic or finance policy expert and cannot7295offer an informed opinion on tariffs. That said, I have full faith and7296confidence in President Trump and his team to address trade imbalances7297that ultimately benefit the Nation's long-term domestic economic7298interests.7299    As a general matter, to address any unanticipated increased costs7300in the USF High Cost program, the FCC should focus on removing Federal7301regulatory barriers, and working with states and localities to remove7302state and local regulatory barriers, to reduce the cost of broadband7303deployment. The FCC should also work to strengthen and diversify the7304Nation's domestic supply chain to promote more competition and choice7305in telecommunications components and equipment, which can further7306reduce the cost of broadband projects in the USF High Cost program.73077308    Question 4. Yes or no: Do you think that tariffs will increase7309costs for entities participating the USF's E-Rate program? If so, how7310should the Commission address those increased costs?7311    Answer. I am not an economic or finance policy expert and cannot7312offer an informed opinion on tariffs. That said, I have full faith and7313confidence in President Trump and his team to address trade imbalances7314that ultimately benefit the Nation's long-term domestic economic7315interests.7316    As a general matter, to address any unanticipated increased costs7317in the E-Rate program, the FCC should focus on removing Federal7318regulatory barriers, and working with states and localities to remove7319state and local regulatory barriers, to reduce the cost of broadband7320deployment to schools and libraries. The FCC should also work to7321strengthen and diversify the Nation's domestic supply chain to promote7322more competition and choice in telecommunications components and7323equipment, which can further reduce the cost of broadband projects to7324schools and libraries.73257326    Question 5. Yes or no: Do you think that tariffs will increase7327costs for entities participating the USF's Lifeline program? If so, how7328should the Commission address those increased costs?7329    Answer. I am not an economic or finance policy expert and cannot7330offer an informed opinion on tariffs. That said, I have full faith and7331confidence in President Trump and his team to address trade imbalances7332that ultimately benefit the Nation's long-term domestic economic7333interests.7334    As a general matter, to address any unanticipated increased costs7335in the Lifeline program, the FCC should focus on removing Federal7336regulatory barriers, and working with states and localities to remove7337state and local regulatory barriers, to reduce the cost of broadband7338deployment, which will ultimately reduce costs for end-users. The FCC7339should also work to strengthen and diversify the Nation's domestic7340supply chain to promote more competition and choice in7341telecommunications components and equipment, which can further reduce7342the cost of broadband projects, and reduce the cost of broadband7343services for low-income consumers.73447345    Question 6. Yes or no: Do you think that tariffs will increase7346costs for entities participating the Universal Service Fund's Rural7347Health Care program? If so, how should the Commission address those7348increased costs?7349    Answer. I am not an economic or finance policy expert and cannot7350offer an informed opinion on tariffs. That said, I have full faith and7351confidence in President Trump and his team to address trade imbalances7352that ultimately benefit the Nation's long-term domestic economic7353interests.7354    As a general matter, to address any unanticipated increased costs7355in the USF Rural Health Care program, the FCC should focus on removing7356Federal regulatory barriers, and working with states and localities to7357remove state and local regulatory barriers, to reduce the cost of7358broadband deployment projects that support access to health care in7359rural communities. The FCC should also work to strengthen and diversify7360the Nation's domestic supply chain to promote more competition and7361choice in telecommunications components and equipment, which can7362further reduce the cost of broadband projects and promote access to7363health care in unserved or underserved communities.73647365    Question 7. Yes or no: Do you think that tariffs will increase7366costs for entities participating in the FCC's Secure and Trusted7367Communications Networks Reimbursement Program? If so, how should the7368Commission address those increased costs? Will Congress need to7369appropriate additional funds to remove untrusted Chinese telecom7370equipment from U.S. networks?7371    Answer. I am not an economic or finance policy expert and cannot7372offer an informed opinion on tariffs. That said, I have full faith and7373confidence in President Trump and his team to address trade imbalances7374that ultimately benefit the Nation's long-term domestic economic7375interests.7376    As a general matter, to address any unanticipated increased costs7377in the FCC's Secure and Trusted Communications Networks Reimbursement7378Program, the FCC should promote the adoption of Open RAN technologies7379to diversify and strengthen the Nation's domestic supply chain. This7380can help promote more competition and reduce the cost of7381telecommunications equipment. To my knowledge, there is not a current7382need for Congress to appropriate additional funds to remove untrusted7383Chinese telecom equipment from U.S. networks.73847385    Spectrum. During the first Trump Administration, there were7386failures to coordinate on Federal and commercial spectrum policy.7387    I believe we must create a coordinated approach to domestic7388spectrum policy, where agencies such as the Federal Aviation7389Administration, Department of Transportation (DOT), Department of7390Defense (DoD), and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration work7391together with the National Telecommunications and Information7392Administration (NTIA) and FCC--cooperatively--on spectrum.73937394    Question 1. How should the FCC coordinate spectrum auctions with7395Federal agencies, if authority is reinstated, to ensure that critical7396Federal systems and capabilities are not compromised or diminished?7397    Answer. I believe that the FCC should coordinate with NTIA and7398consult with impacted Federal agencies, through established mechanisms7399such as the Interdepartment Radio Advisory Committee to ensure that7400spectrum management decisions, including auctions, are informed by7401economic and national security analyses.74027403    Question 2. Yes or no: Do you agree that we cannot put our national7404security and public safety at risk to free up spectrum for sale to the7405commercial sector?7406    Answer. Yes.74077408    Question 3. Yes or no: Do you agree that proper coordination of7409spectrum use is vital?7410    Answer. I agree that coordination between the FCC and NTIA on7411spectrum, as well as consultation with impacted Federal agencies, is7412vital to putting spectrum to highest and best use and advancing the7413Nation's economic and national security interests.74147415    Question 4. Do you think it's wise to auction Federal spectrum7416before technical studies are finished to determine the viability of7417relocating Federal systems?7418    Answer. I believe that technical studies can help inform the7419spectrum management process and ensure that both NTIA and the FCC are7420putting spectrum to its highest and best use, in support of the7421Nation's economic and national security interests.74227423    Question 5. If confirmed, will you commit to collaborating on a7424spectrum policy that engages stakeholders from NTIA and the Department7425of Commerce, DoD, DOT, and industry, to work towards resolution to7426restore U.S. leadership in innovation?7427    Answer. Yes.74287429    Question 6. Do you believe that spectrum reallocation studies in7430the Lower 3 GHz and 7/8 GHz need to be completed before the FCC begins7431a proceeding to auction those bands?7432    Answer. Given that this is an active topic of debate before7433Congress, I would defer to Congress on how the technical studies of7434these bands should inform spectrum management processes at NTIA and the7435FCC.74367437    Question 7. Do you agree that if the DoD is required to surrender7438use of a band of frequencies for which the DoD is the primary user that7439the NTIA must make available, if necessary, an alternative band of7440frequencies as replacement for the band being surrendered as described7441in Section 1062(b)(1)(B) of the 2000 NDAA?7442    Answer. I agree that Section 1062 (b)(1)(B) of the FY 2000 NDAA7443states the following: ``If, in order to make available for other use a7444band of frequencies of which it is a primary user, the Department of7445Defense is required to surrender use of such band of frequencies, the7446Department shall not surrender use of such band of frequencies until:7447the National Telecommunications and Information Administration, in7448consultation with the Federal Communications Commission, identifies and7449makes available to the Department for its primary use, if necessary, an7450alternative band or bands of frequencies as a replacement for the band7451to be so surrendered.''74527453    Question 8. Do you agree that the Secretary of Commerce, the7454Secretary of Defense, and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff7455must jointly certify to the Committee on Armed Services and the7456Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate, and7457the Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on Commerce of the7458House of Representatives that the alternative band that is made7459available to the DoD provides comparable technical characteristics to7460restore essential military capability that will be lost as a result of7461the band of frequencies to be so surrendered as described in Section74621062(b)(1)(B) of the 2000 NDAA?7463    Answer. Yes.74647465    Question 9. Did this process occur in advance of FCC Auction 110 of7466the 3.45 to 3.55 GHz Band where the DoD was the primary user?7467    Answer. I was not at the FCC during this time and therefore cannot7468speak to what processes did or did not occur in advance of Auction 110.74697470    Question 10. Will you commit to me that you will follow the law and7471not vote to auction a band of frequencies where the DoD is the primary7472user unless and until the process as described in Section 1062(b)(1)(B)7473of the 2000 NDAA is completed?7474    Answer. If confirmed, I commit to following the law with respect to7475any proceeding that comes before the Commission.74767477    Section 230. Congress passed Section 230 in 1996 to provide a7478liability shield for the then-nascent Internet industry. While there7479have been discussions in Congress about updating the law, the FCC has7480rejected the idea that it has the authority to enforce Section 2307481since it was passed nearly 30 years ago. But the current FCC Chairman7482is now talking about attempting to interpret the law to say that the7483FCC can police what is said online, and that they will do so to favor7484conservative voices online.74857486    Question 1. Do you agree that it is Congress's role, not the FCC's,7487to update Section 230?7488    Answer. I agree that Congress has the authority to amend or update7489Section 230 in the Communications Act.74907491    Question 2. Do you believe that online platforms have First7492Amendment rights?7493    Answer. Yes.74947495    Mapping. It is critical that we have the best data to make7496important decisions about where to expend taxpayer funds for broadband7497deployment. While the FCC has improved its broadband maps over the last7498few years, more remains to be done. I am particularly concerned that7499the current maps wholly rely on providers' assertions about the speed7500and availability of their service.75017502    Question 1. Will you commit to working with me and this committee7503to continue to improve the FCC's broadband maps?7504    Answer. Yes.7505                                 ______75067507   Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Amy Klobuchar to7508                             Olivia Trusty7509Next Generation 9-1-17510    Our 9-1-1 systems are outdated and in need of significant upgrades.7511As co-chair of the Senate Next Generation 9-1-1 Caucus, I've been7512working to secure funding to modernize America's 9-1-1 call centers7513through spectrum auction proceeds.75147515    Question 1. Do you agree we need to modernize our 9-1-17516infrastructure?7517    Answer. Yes.75187519    Question 2. If confirmed, will you commit to working with Congress7520to ensure America's 911 Centers have the cybersecurity, resiliency, and7521interoperability that Next Generation 911 technology provides?7522    Answer. Yes.75237524    Question 3. What concrete measures should the FCC prioritize to7525promote Next Generation 9-1-1 deployment?7526    Answer. To promote Next Generation 9-1-1 (NG911) deployment, the7527FCC can do the following: proactively enforce Commission rules against7528fee diversion to ensure resources are available for NG911 deployment;7529support the development of interoperability standards between states7530and localities to ensure nationwide NG911 interoperability; and promote7531public awareness and education about the benefits of NG911 technology7532to incentivize greater investments into the technology.7533                                 ______75347535    Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Brian Schatz to7536                             Olivia Trusty7537DOGE Access to FCC7538    Reports have found that individuals identified as employees of DOGE7539have been listed in a public directory for FCC staff. Within the scope7540of FCC's jurisdiction includes policy and regulatory matters, including7541broadband and satellite communications, of relevance to Elon Musk's7542business interests.75437544    Question 1. Will you commit to ensuring that DOGE employees are7545conducting activities that do not pose any conflicts of interest with7546Elon Musk's business interests?7547    Answer. If confirmed, I commit to acting without fear or favor7548toward any individual or entity petitioning the FCC for a certain7549outcome regarding any proceeding before the Commission regardless of7550who is employed at the FCC or any other Federal agencies.75517552    Question 2. Will you commit to ensuring DOGE employees abide by7553appropriate cybersecurity standards and data access restrictions if7554provided access to internal FCC systems and information?7555    Answer. If confirmed, I commit to abiding by cybersecurity7556standards and data access restrictions to internal FCC systems and7557information, and ensuring that all individuals under my authority do7558the same.7559White House Oversight of Independent Agencies7560    On February 18, 2025, President Trump announced an Executive Order7561(EO) entitled, ``Ensuring Accountability for All Agencies.'' The EO7562institutes an unprecedented requirement for direct presidential7563oversight over actions and strategic plans by independent agencies,7564including the FCC.75657566    Question 3. As Commissioner, will you commit to upholding the7567independence of decision making at the FCC?7568    Answer. If confirmed, I commit to making decisions based on facts7569in the record, FCC precedent, and the law.7570Federal Trust Responsibility to Tribal and Native Communities7571    It is critical that the United States continues to uphold its trust7572responsibility to Tribal and Native communities.75737574    Question 4. Please provide a description of your understanding of7575the Federal trust responsibility to American Indians, Alaska Natives,7576and Native Hawaiians, and how that necessitates continuance of programs7577that directly and indirectly serve these communities.7578    Answer. The Federal Indian trust responsibility is a legally7579enforceable fiduciary obligation on the part of the United States to7580protect tribal treaty rights, lands, assets, and resources, as well as7581a duty to carry out the mandates of Federal law with respect to7582American Indian, Native Hawaiian, and Alaska Native tribes and7583villages.75847585    Question 5. At FCC, will you commit to upholding this trust7586responsibility?7587    Answer. Yes.75887589    Question 6. Yes or no, will you commit to holding Tribal7590consultation before the FCC makes changes to programs that serve7591Tribes, or engages in Reductions in Force and agency reorganization7592efforts that may affect Tribes and service on Tribal lands?7593    Answer. If confirmed, I commit to consulting with a wide range of7594stakeholders, including Tribes, on proceedings that come before the7595FCC.75967597    Question 7. Yes or no, will you continue to abide by the NTIA-FCC-7598Department of the Interior Tribal Spectrum Memorandum of Understanding7599(MOU)?7600    Answer. If confirmed, I commit to abiding by any and all MOUs in7601force and effect that involve the FCC's coordination with other Federal7602agencies.76037604    Question 8. Given the growing competition for mid-band spectrum7605between military and commercial users, how should policymakers view7606Tribal governments in this dynamic?7607    Answer. Given that spectrum is a finite resource, policymakers7608should always strive to put spectrum to its highest and best use and7609maximize the economic and societal benefits of spectrum use to ensure7610the best return for all people across the country, including those7611living on Tribal lands.76127613    Question 9. Do Tribes represent a unique category of spectrum7614stakeholders, and what role does direct access to spectrum for them7615play in expanding competition in underserved areas?7616    Answer. In Auction 108 (2.5 GHz), the FCC established a Tribal7617priority window in recognition of the unique connectivity needs and7618challenges facing Tribal lands. This particular auction can help inform7619how future opportunities for direct access to spectrum in Tribal7620communities can expand competition in unserved or underserved areas.76217622    Question 10. Yes or no, will you commit to maintaining the Office7623of Native Affairs and Policy at the FCC?7624    Answer. If confirmed, I commit to working with the hardworking and7625dedicated staff at the FCC to address the Nation's connectivity needs7626across the country, including on Tribal lands.76277628    Question 11. Yes or no, will you commit to issuing internal7629guidance clarifying that Executive Order 14151 does not apply to Tribes7630and Tribal programs, as well as services and staff associated with the7631Commission's government-to-government relationship with Tribes?7632    Answer. If confirmed, I commit to upholding and enforcing the law,7633which requires the FCC to make communications services available across7634the country without discrimination on the basis of protected7635characteristics. I also commit to promoting policies that acknowledge7636and support the unique connectivity needs of individuals, families, and7637communities living in rural and remote areas, including Tribal lands.7638Next Generation Television/ATSC 3.07639    In 2023, I co-authored a bipartisan letter, signed by 28 senators,7640to the FCC urging the Commission to take an active role in a successful7641ATSC 3.0 transition. This transition will play an important role in7642supporting the competitiveness of local TV broadcasters and the7643services they provide to their communities, including expanded local7644news, advanced emergency alerting, and improved viewer experience.76457646    Question 12. Will you commit to ensuring that the FCC provides a7647timely regulatory framework and next steps for this initiative?7648    Answer. If confirmed, I commit to working to ensure that the FCC7649provides a timely regulatory framework and next steps for this7650initiative.76517652    Question 13. Will you commit to ensuring the FCC takes an active7653role in addressing potential challenges posed by the transition from7654ATSC 1.0 to 3.0, including working with Congress, public broadcasters,7655industry, and consumer groups to ensure that consumers with legacy TVs7656are not harmed by any changes?7657    Answer. Yes.7658                                 ______76597660   Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Edward Markey to7661                             Olivia Trusty7662Disability Accessibility7663    People with disabilities rely on accessible services, including7664Telecommunications Relay Services, audio description, and accessible7665software to communicate and access video programming. The FCC has been7666tasked by Congress in numerous laws to ensure telecommunications and7667video programming providers make their services and products7668accessibility to people with disabilities.76697670    Question 1. If confirmed, will you commit to carrying out these7671laws and to ensuring the FCC fully enforces the laws within its7672jurisdiction, including the Communications and Video Accessibility Act?7673    Answer. Yes.76747675    Question 2. If confirmed, will you ensure that the FCC itself7676maintains accessible websites, facilities, and services so that the7677public and employees with disabilities can fully benefit from,7678participate in, and contribute to the FCC's work?7679    Answer. Yes.76807681    Question 3. If confirmed, will you commit to ensuring that people7682with disabilities continue to be able to access emerging communications7683services as technology evolves?7684    Answer. If confirmed, I commit to working to ensure that people7685with disabilities can continue to access emerging communications7686services consistent with the law and the scope of the FCC's authority.7687                                 ______76887689    Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Gary Peters to7690                             Olivia Trusty7691FCC Independence7692    Question 1. The FCC website states that the FCC is ``an independent7693U.S. government agency overseen by Congress.'' We have unfortunately7694seen this President undermine independent agencies by illegally firing7695Democratic commissioners at the Federal Trade Commission.76967697    a. Do you agree that the FCC is an independent agency?7698    Answer. Whether Federal agencies like the FCC are legally7699independent from the Executive Branch is subject to pending litigation.7700Whatever the FCC's legal status is determined to be, if confirmed, I7701commit to following the facts in the record, FCC precedent, and the law7702with respect to any proceeding that comes before the Commission.77037704    b. What protections and practices make the FCC an independent7705agency?7706    Answer. Whether Federal agencies like the FCC are legally7707independent from the Executive Branch is subject to pending litigation.7708Whatever the FCC's legal status is determined to be, if confirmed, I7709commit to following the facts in the record, FCC precedent, and the law7710with respect to any proceeding that comes before the Commission.77117712    c. If confirmed, will you commit to carrying out the FCC's mission7713free from undue influence or control from the President?7714    Answer. If confirmed, I commit to following the facts in the7715record, FCC precedent, and the law with respect to any proceeding that7716comes before the Commission.7717Weaponization of the FCC7718    Question 2. President Trump has suggested on multiple occasions7719that licenses for major news organizations like CBS, ABC or NBC should7720be revoked when they conducted reporting he disagreed with. However,7721under the first amendment, major news organizations can and should7722publish news that is inconvenient or critical of politicians--including7723the President--without fear of retaliation.7724    This isn't a partisan concern either--in 2017 former FCC Chairman7725Ajit Pai said: ``Under the law, the FCC does not have the authority to7726revoke a license of a broadcast station based on the content of a7727particular newscast.''7728    If confirmed, will you oppose any attempt to weaponize the FCC to7729intimidate news media or limit freedom of the press?7730    Answer. Yes.7731Public Broadcasting and Emergencies7732    Question 3. Public television and radio stations play an integral7733role in our Nation's emergency alert system. In 2022, FEMA selected CPB7734to administer the Next Generation Warning System (NGWS) grant program,7735providing public media stations funding to replace and upgrade7736infrastructure to expand alert, warning, and interoperable7737communications, creating a more resilient and secure public alerting7738system during emergencies.7739    Delta College Public Media, which serves a largely rural and7740underserved audience in the crook of Michigan's thumb, received a grant7741allocation of up to $976,708 under this program. Modernizing emergency7742communications to be able to reach underserved areas is becoming7743increasingly crucial--particularly with recent ice storms in northern7744Michigan causing widespread power outages and a complete wipeout of7745phone and cellular services.7746    If confirmed, do you commit to working to preserve this important7747funding stream to CPB and supporting public media stations' efforts to7748reach underserved communities during emergencies?7749    Answer. If confirmed, I commit to ensuring that public media can7750operate in accordance with the law. I would defer to Congress on7751preserving funding streams to CPB as the FCC has no authority over7752these funds.7753Public Broadcasting Community Good7754    Question 4. Public broadcasting plays an essential role in local7755news and programming, education, public safety, and more. For 2025,7756Congress appropriated $535 million to the CPB, which is less than 1/7757100th of a percent out of the total budget and costs, on average, only7758$1.50 per American per year.7759    In my state, the Michigan Learning Channel is a publicly funded7760statewide initiative to improve math and literacy, and I always like7761watching Michigan Out-of-Doors, a program which promotes the outdoor7762recreation and beauty our state has to offer.7763    Do you agree that public media plays an essential role in7764communities that traditional profit-based broadcasters are not able to7765fill?7766    Answer. Public television was formally created in the late 1960s7767through the Public Broadcasting Act to serve and promote cultural,7768educational, and civic engagement. The FCC has a responsibility to7769ensure that public media (i.e., non-commercial stations) operate7770legally and in the public interest. I would defer to Congress as to7771whether public media plays an essential role in today's video and media7772marketplace.7773Support for USF7774    Question 5. You discussed in your testimony and during the hearing7775that one of your primary goals on the FCC will be closing the digital7776divide.7777    One of the FCC's most powerful tools to that end has been the7778Universal Service Fund, which supports rural broadband, Internet access7779at schools and libraries, affordability, and more. As a member of the7780bipartisan USF Working Group, I know reforms are needed to make this7781fund sustainable for decades to come. Unfortunately, the USF has been7782under attack.7783    Do you agree that the Universal Service Fund is a vital resource7784that must be maintained in some form if we are to close the digital7785divide?7786    Answer. If confirmed, I commit to advancing and preserving7787universal service, as required by Section 254 of the Communications7788Act, to meet the connectivity needs of all Americans. I also commit to7789working with Congress to identify a ``specific, predictable, and7790sufficient'' form of support for the FCC to continue expanding access7791to modern communications services to communities across the country.7792                                 ______77937794   Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Tammy Baldwin to7795                             Olivia Trusty77961. Robocalls and Scams7797    Robocalls and ever increasingly sophisticated scams pose a serious7798threat to millions of Americans, especially to our seniors. These scams7799can lead to significant financial losses including people losing their7800life's retirement savings, breach of sensitive personal information,7801and loss of peace of mind as people are bombarded by these spam7802communications.7803    As Commissioner of the FCC, how would you work to protect Americans7804from these increasingly dangerous scam calls and text messages?7805    Answer. If confirmed, I will work with Congress to help strengthen7806the FCC's authorities to combat unwanted and fraudulent robocalls. I7807will also work with international partners as well as state attorneys7808general to protect consumers from these abusive calls. I will also7809support efforts to develop more proactive call blocking measures to7810prevent robocalls from reaching consumers in the first place.78112. Local Programming7812    Unfortunately, Wisconsin is home to a number of ``orphan counties''7813who find themselves put into out of state television media markets and7814are unable to access local programming such as local news and local7815sports.7816    If confirmed, will you work with my office to address the issue of7817``orphan counties'' and help ensure Americans are able to obtain access7818to local, relevant television programming?7819    Answer. Yes.78203. Rural Connectivity7821    In your testimony you emphasized the importance of quality Internet7822connection for people to fully participate in our increasingly digital7823economy.7824    As Commissioner, how would you work to increase broadband7825connectivity in rural areas? Additionally, how would you ensure that7826connectivity is financially accessible?7827    Answer. If confirmed, I would work to increase broadband7828connectivity in rural areas by doing the following: coordinating with7829other Federal agencies with broadband programs to eliminate program7830fragmentation and duplication across the Federal government and ensure7831Federal resources are better targeted to unserved areas; remove7832regulatory barriers that impede or increase the cost of deploying7833broadband to rural areas; embrace new technologies such as satellite7834broadband or fixed wireless services that can provide a more cost7835effective solution in expanding connectivity to rural, unserved areas;7836and consider adjustments to USF programs to better target resources to7837unserved communities.7838    To ensure connectivity is financially accessibility or affordable,7839if confirmed, I will work to promote more competition and choice in the7840broadband marketplace, which can improve the quality of service and7841reduce costs for consumers. I will also work to remove regulatory7842barriers that increase the cost of deploying broadband for providers7843and increase the cost of purchasing broadband services for consumers.78444. 988-lifeline7845    The 988-lifeline program is a vital resource for Americans,7846offering support in critical times of need. LGBTQ+ people, especially7847youth, experience increasing rates of suicide, with these individuals7848being 8.4 times more likely to have reported an attempt to end their7849lives.7850    To continue to support all Americans in times of need, will you7851commit to ensuring all existing FCC support services and resources for7852LGBTQ+ people will remain accessible?7853    Answer. If confirmed, I commit to ensuring that FCC support7854services and resources are accessible to all Americans, including7855LGBTQ+ individuals.7856                                 ______78577858  Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Tammy Duckworth to7859                             Olivia Trusty7860Martha Wright-Reed Just and Reasonable Communications Act7861    Question 1. In 2023, my bipartisan Martha Wright-Reed Just and7862Reasonable Communications Act was signed into law to prevent prison7863telecom providers from gouging consumers when they call their7864incarcerated loved ones. Last year, the FCC voted unanimously to7865implement the law, cutting the cost of a fifteen-minute phone call to7866or from large jails from as much as eleven dollars to just ninety7867cents. The FCC also took the first step and slashing the cost of video7868calls by implementing an interim rate cap on video calls as they7869collect more data.7870    Had you been a member of the FCC last year, would you have joined7871all the other Commissioners in voting to adopt the rule implementing my7872Martha Wright-Reed Just and Reasonable Communications Act?7873    Answer. In light of pending litigation regarding the FCC's7874implementation of the Martha Wright-Reed Just and Reasonable7875Communications Act, I believe it would be imprudent for me to comment7876or speculate on what I would have done, if I had been a member of the7877Commission. That said, if confirmed, I commit to protecting consumers7878from exploitation in the telecommunications marketplace.7879                                 ______78807881    Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Jacky Rosen to7882                             Olivia Trusty7883Network Security7884    Our adversaries continue to grow more sophisticated and aggressive7885in their cyberattacks, including those in the telecom sector. A big7886part of network security is not just ensuring we have secure hardware--7887though I am thankful we secured additional funding last fall for ``Rip7888and Replace'' to help providers use trusted equipment--but7889increasingly, our networks must have sophisticated and dynamic defenses7890against network intrusions, like Salt Typhoon.78917892    Question 1. What do you see the FCC's role in promoting secure7893networks and cybersecurity?7894    Answer. To mitigate future attacks like Salt Typhoon, the FCC has a7895responsibility to work with Federal partners to ensure7896telecommunications providers have the tools and resources they need to7897defend their networks against malicious cyber threat actors. To prevent7898future attacks, I believe the FCC should participate in ongoing whole-7899of-government conversations about how to improve the efficacy of the7900United States' deterrence efforts against nation state actors. The FCC7901should also work with Federal partners and the private sector to7902diversify and strengthen the U.S. domestic supply chain for7903telecommunications network components to increase the security of the7904Nation's communications infrastructure.79057906    Question 2. If confirmed, what steps would you take to move the7907telecom sector forward in adopting better cybersecurity practices and7908standards?7909    Answer. If confirmed, I will promote the adoption of Open RAN7910technologies that can help strengthen and diversify the Nation's7911telecommunications supply chain and increase network security. I will7912also promote the use of the FCC's authorities in the Secure and Trusted7913Communications Networks Act to ban high-risk equipment and vendors from7914the Nation's communications infrastructure. If confirmed, I would also7915focus on increasing the security of undersea cable infrastructure to7916better protect the Nation's economic and national security interests.7917USF Cybersecurity7918    Hackers are increasingly targeting schools and health care7919organizations in ransomware attacks. In fact, Clark County School7920District was the target of a ransomware attack in 2023 that exposed the7921sensitive information of over 200,000 Nevada students. The previous FCC7922chair established a cybersecurity pilot program within the USF's E-Rate7923program, allowing schools and libraries to use E-rate funding for7924cybersecurity expenses.79257926    Question 1. If confirmed, would you support actions like this pilot7927program and work with Congress to help protect schools from ransomware7928attacks?7929    Answer. Schools are a target-rich environment for cyber-attacks7930because they have legacy infrastructure that is vulnerable to7931exploitation and they store a lot of sensitive personal information. If7932confirmed, I commit to working with schools and libraries to strengthen7933their cybersecurity defenses from ransomware attackers and other cyber7934threat actors.7935Broadband Affordability7936    Ensuring that communities can afford broadband is just as critical7937as building the networks themselves, and not every option is7938affordable. Satellite Internet providers like Elon Musk's Starlink can7939be much more expensive for consumers than fiber or fixed wireless7940service. With monthly fees from $120 to $500, these prices are simply7941out of reach for many low-income and rural households.79427943    Question 1. If confirmed, would you support expanding the FCC's7944Lifeline program to provide a more robust, ACP-like subsidy--so that7945affordability doesn't remain a barrier for newly connected communities,7946and the investments in broadband deployment translate into meaningful7947adoption?7948    Answer. If confirmed, I will work to expand access to affordable7949broadband by promoting more competition and choice in the broadband7950marketplace. I believe that more choice in the marketplace will lead to7951lower prices for consumers. I will also work to remove regulatory7952barriers that increase the cost of deploying broadband for providers7953and ultimately increase the cost of purchasing broadband services for7954consumers.7955    I believe the FCC needs to work urgently with Congress to identify7956a ``specific, predictable, and sufficient'' form of support to continue7957meeting connectivity needs across the country, before making7958significant reforms to the USF programs.7959Tribal Priority Windows7960    The FCC's 2.5 gigahertz Tribal Priority Window, enacted by former7961Chairman Pai in 2020, helped hundreds of Tribes claim spectrum and7962deploy broadband where commercial providers failed to reach. The7963upcoming AWS-3 auction presents a similar opportunity--and it could be7964done without significantly delaying the auction or impacting the value7965of the licenses.79667967    Question 1. If confirmed, would you support creating future Tribal7968Priority Windows or other public interest set-asides to ensure Tribal7969Nations and unserved communities can access spectrum and grow their7970communities directly, rather than waiting on commercial deployment?7971    Answer. If confirmed, I commit to putting spectrum to its highest7972and best use and maximizing the economic and societal benefits of7973spectrum use to ensure the best return for all people across the7974country, including those living on Tribal lands. In Auction 108 (2.57975GHz), the FCC established a Tribal priority window in recognition of7976the unique connectivity needs and challenges facing Tribal lands. This7977particular auction can help inform how future opportunities for direct7978access to spectrum in Tribal communities can expand competition and7979access to modern communications services in unserved or underserved7980areas.7981CBRS & DOD7982    Since the FCC finalized the rules for the CBRS band, we have seen7983it being used in a variety of innovative ways. In Las Vegas, Cox worked7984with the City to launch a private network on CBRS that powers smart7985cities and Internet of Things (IoT) devices. As you know, CBRS is7986shared with the military, and has been an important model in how the7987FCC and the military can work together to enhance commercial spectrum7988use while protecting defense equities.79897990    Question 1. Will you commit to continuing to work with DoD and the7991NTIA to ensure any changes to CBRS's rules are not made unilaterally7992and do not harm our national defense?7993    Answer. If confirmed, I commit to working with NTIA, DOD, and any7994other impacted Federal agency in spectrum proceedings that come before7995the FCC.7996                                 ______79977998   Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Ben Ray Lujan to7999                             Olivia Trusty8000    Question 1. I have been on the record in support of FCC policies8001that help many points of view reach the public. This does not just mean8002viewpoints I agree with. Whereas Chair Carr has put pressure on8003broadcasters that take positions President Trump dislikes, I have been8004supportive of rules that would help independent video programmers gain8005an opportunity to compete by bringing their content to the public no8006matter their viewpoint. I am similarly concerned that the broadcast8007industry is now asking the FCC to eliminate ownership limits8008altogether. Do you think there is any limit to how many households a8009single company can reach? As you know, although Congress set a national8010ownership cap at 39 percent of U.S. households, the way the FCC8011measures the cap means some companies already reach 70 percent of the8012U.S. audience. Is 70 percent of the country too large? How few8013independently owned TV stations in a single community or local market8014are too few?8015    Answer. There is currently an active proceeding before the FCC on8016media ownership limits. To remain impartial, I believe it would be8017imprudent for me to comment on issues related to the active proceeding8018in my capacity as a nominee. As a general matter, for any media related8019proceeding before the FCC, I commit to following the facts in the8020record, FCC precedent, and the law, if confirmed.80218022    Question 2. As you know, Congress unfortunately failed to extend8023the American Connectivity Program (ACP), which expanded affordable8024broadband access to over 23 million households. That makes the FCC's8025Lifeline program, a part of the universal service fund (USF), even more8026important today for helping eligible, low-income Americans access8027wireless and Internet service. Could you share more about ways you8028believe Lifeline could be improved? Please be specific.8029    Answer. I support the Committee's continued efforts to expand8030access to affordable broadband. To improve Lifeline, I believe the FCC8031should work with Congress to do the following: develop performance8032metrics to better track the program's effectiveness in expanding access8033to affordable communications services; conduct enhanced oversight over8034the eligibility of Lifeline recipients to ensure the resources are8035going to those in need; and closely align the Lifeline program with8036digital literacy efforts.80378038    Question 3. Yes or no, do you think that the Universal Service Fund8039should have a stable, dedicated funding source--rather than rely on8040annual appropriations?8041    Answer. I believe that carrying out the FCC's universal service8042mission requires the funding source to be ``specific, predictable, and8043sufficient'' in accordance with Section 254 of the Communications Act.80448045    Question 4. How do you think the FCC should modernize the Universal8046Service Fund to ensure its long-term sustainability?8047    Answer. I believe the FCC should modernize the USF to ensure its8048long-term sustainability by increasing transparency and accountability8049into how USF monies are spent across the four programs it supports.8050This will ensure that the funds are spent judiciously and go further in8051expanding access to communications services across the country. I also8052believe USF should be better coordinated with other Federal broadband8053programs, like BEAD, to avoid fragmentation, duplication, overbuilding,8054and the waste of taxpayer dollars.80558056    Question 5. Would you support creating future Tribal Priority8057Windows or other public interest set-asides to ensure Tribal Nations8058and unserved communities can access spectrum and grow their communities8059directly, rather than waiting on commercial deployment?8060    Answer. If confirmed, I commit to putting spectrum to its highest8061and best use and maximizing the economic and societal benefits of8062spectrum use to ensure the best return for all people across the8063country, including those living on Tribal lands. In Auction 108 (2.58064GHz), the FCC established a Tribal priority window in recognition of8065the unique connectivity needs and challenges facing Tribal lands. This8066particular auction can help inform how future opportunities for direct8067access to spectrum in Tribal communities can expand competition and8068access to modern communications services in unserved or underserved8069areas.80708071    Question 6. When we met in my office you said that both President8072Biden and President Trump were the ``certified'' winners in 2020 and80732024 respectively. You would not say whether of them were ``lawfully''8074elected. Yes or no, were 100 members of the currently sitting U.S.8075Senate lawfully elected?8076    Answer. All 100 members of the sitting U.S. Senate were certified8077as the winners of each of their respective elections.8078                                 ______80798080 Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. John Hickenlooper to8081                             Olivia Trusty8082Media Oversight8083    Chairman Carr has initiated investigations into Disney, ABC,8084Comcast, CBS, and others regarding what he sees as discriminatory8085practices or unfair news coverage. These investigations come at a time8086when Congress has worked on a bipartisan basis to attract journalists8087to newsrooms in Colorado and across the country.80888089    Question 1. Do you think Chairman Carr's investigations of8090broadcasters could negatively affect attracting future journalists to8091newsrooms? Why or why not?8092    Answer. As a nominee to be a Commissioner at the FCC, I believe it8093would be imprudent for me to comment on the impact of any pending8094proceeding before the Commission. That said, I believe local news is8095vital to communities across the country. Local broadcasters provide8096news and information about social and cultural events, educational8097programming, and critical information during emergencies and disasters.8098If confirmed, I commit to promoting policies that empower local8099broadcasters to expand access to local news to all Americans.8100Spectrum Relocation Fund8101    The Spectrum Relocation Fund (SRF) provides a funding mechanism8102through which Federal agencies can recover the costs associated with8103relocating their radio communications systems or sharing the8104reallocated spectrum.81058106    Question 2. What changes do you think need to be made to the SRF to8107enable agencies to continue performing their Federal missions without8108harmful interference from potential commercial uses of reallocated8109spectrum? In your view, could a reformed SRF allow for increases in8110non-federal uses of spectrum? Will you commit to carefully considering8111the perspectives raised by Federal agencies and work to ensure spectrum8112decisions made by the FCC fully account for necessary steps to mitigate8113potential interference?8114    Answer. I believe the Spectrum Relocation Fund (SRF) is an8115important tool in the spectrum management process. I am aware of8116concerns from Federal agencies regarding delays in accessing SRF8117resources and constraints on how the SRF monies can be used. I believe8118the SRF should be modernized to be a more effective tool in the8119spectrum management process. If confirmed, I commit to carefully8120considering the perspectives raised by Federal agencies and working to8121ensure spectrum decisions account for necessary steps to mitigate8122potential interference.81238124    Question 3. How can the FCC coordinate with industry and other8125Federal agencies to develop and incentivize the adoption of8126technologies that minimize harmful interference and increase flexible8127access to spectrum?8128    Answer. I believe that the FCC should coordinate with NTIA and8129consult with impacted Federal agencies, through established mechanisms8130such as the Interdepartment Radio Advisory Committee and the Commerce8131Spectrum Management Advisory Committee to ensure that spectrum8132management decisions, including auctions, are informed by economic and8133national security analysis and incentivize the adoption of technologies8134that minimize harmful interference and increase flexible access to8135spectrum.8136Data Privacy and Cybersecurity8137    Breaches such as Salt Typhoon demonstrate the need for increased8138preventive and corrective cybersecurity measures. In the past, the FCC8139has pursued consent decrees with companies to resolve investigations8140over data breaches. Data breaches can cause harmful exposure of8141consumers' data and cyber attacks can damage key communications8142services.81438144    Question 4. In what specific ways could the FCC further incentivize8145measures to increase resiliency across the communications sector from8146data breaches and cybersecurity attacks? To date, do you believe the8147FCC's pursuit of consent decrees has been sufficient? Should the FCC8148consider new rulemakings to encourage enhanced protections from8149cyberattacks and data breaches?8150    Answer. If confirmed, I will promote the adoption of Open RAN8151technologies, which can help strengthen and diversify the Nation's8152telecommunications supply chain and increase resiliency across the8153communications sector from data breaches and cybersecurity attacks.8154    I believe the FCC should increase transparency into enforcement8155actions, to the extent possible, to ensure that consent decrees improve8156compliance, deterrence, and lead to a faster resolution of rule8157violations.8158    To enhance network protections from cyberattacks and data breaches,8159I believe the FCC needs to work with Federal partners to ensure8160telecommunications providers have the tools and resources they need to8161defend their networks against malicious cyber threat actors. This8162includes working with telecommunications providers to improve their8163cyber hygiene to counter increasingly sophisticated and hostile cyber8164threat actors. I also believe the FCC should participate in ongoing8165whole-of-government conversations about how to improve the efficacy of8166the United States' deterrence efforts against nation state actors,8167which can further protect our Nation's networks from cyberattacks and8168data breaches.8169Direct to Cell8170    Reliable communications can be a lifeline in a public safety8171emergency or while exploring the great outdoors across the mountains of8172Colorado. Last month, the FCC approved rules for expanding cellular8173coverage for cellphones outside of cell tower range using satellite8174communications. In a remote environment, direct to cell service could8175help enhance public safety and save lives.81768177    Question 5. If confirmed, what will your priorities be to enhance8178the reliability and accessibility of public safety communications8179services? What future improvements do you see in the field of direct to8180cell services?8181    Answer. If confirmed, I commit to working with Congress and8182interested stakeholders to improve back-up power solutions and promote8183the hardening of communications infrastructure to enhance the8184reliability and accessibility of public safety communications services.8185I would also advocate for more accurate, timely, and accessible8186information in the FCC's Disaster Information Reporting System.8187    Some future improvements in direct-to-cell services could include8188broader device capability with these services, more support for 911 or8189location tracking capabilities during emergencies or disasters, and8190wider geographic coverage.8191Telecom Supply Chain8192    In order for us to succeed in our efforts to connect every American8193to high-speed and affordable broadband, we need reliable, secure, and8194readily-available supply of infrastructure network equipment.81958196    Question 6. What role should the FCC play in continuously8197monitoring and strengthening supply chains to support our existing and8198future communications networks? Do you believe the FCC should receive8199more voluntary notifications, on a timely basis, from the private8200sector about potential shortages of network equipment that could impede8201the timely completion of broadband infrastructure projects funded by8202the FCC?8203    Answer. I believe that transparency into the health and resilience8204of the Nation's telecommunications supply chain is vital to the FCC's8205continued ability to close the digital divide and strengthen network8206security. Voluntary notifications from the private sector about8207potential equipment shortages could help the FCC quickly address such8208shortages and ensure the timely completion of broadband projects.8209                                 ______82108211Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Lisa Blunt Rochester to82128213                             Olivia Trusty8214    Question 1. Should consumer protection be a top FCC priority?8215    Answer. If confirmed, protecting consumers is among my top8216priorities. I believe that protecting consumers is critical to the8217FCC's mission in making communications services available to all8218Americans.82198220    Question 2. Ms. Trusty, do you think Federal workers at the FCC are8221crucial for advancing consumer transparency?8222    Answer. FCC staff are critical to carrying out the mission of the8223agency in expanding access to communications services, advancing8224consumer transparency, and upholding and enforcing the law.82258226    Question 3. Last year, the FCC introduced ``broadband nutrition8227labels'' to show what ISPs charge. However, potential Federal staffing8228or funding cuts could jeopardize this and similar initiatives.8229    Ms. Trusty, for consumer transparency purposes, will you commit to8230defending the broadband nutrition label program if it, and programs8231like it, face cuts?8232    Answer. In accordance with the bipartisan Infrastructure,8233Investment, and Jobs Act, the FCC has a responsibility to establish8234rules requiring the display of broadband consumer labels (also referred8235to as the ``broadband nutrition label program''). If confirmed, I8236commit to uphold and enforce these rules--or any successor rules--in8237accordance with the law.82388239    Question 4. What concrete measures would you implement to improve8240telehealth access and quality for underserved Americans?8241    Answer. If confirmed, I commit to coordinating with Federal8242partners to better target broadband funds to underserved areas to8243provide improved support for telehealth-enabling infrastructure. I also8244commit to promoting the use of the FCC's special temporary authority to8245experiment with expanding access to telehealth initiatives.82468247    Question 5. Ms. Trusty, what additional policy reforms or actions8248should the FCC pursue to ensure broadband deployment is strategically8249targeted to underserved communities?8250    Answer. If confirmed, I would work to increase broadband8251connectivity in rural areas by doing the following: coordinating with8252other Federal agencies with broadband programs to eliminate program8253fragmentation and duplication across the Federal government and ensure8254Federal resources are better targeted to unserved areas; remove8255regulatory barriers that impede or increase the cost of deploying8256broadband to rural areas; embrace new technologies such as satellite8257broadband or fixed wireless services that can provide a more cost8258effective solution in expanding connectivity to rural, unserved areas;8259and consider adjustments to USF programs to better target resources to8260unserved communities.82618262                                  [all]